Urban containment in action? Long-term dynamics of self-contained urban growth in compact and dispersed regions of southern Europe

The present study illustrates an indicator of self-contained urban growth derived from official statistics with the aim of verifying if a shift from compactness towards settlement diffusion has occurred in cities with different socioeconomic and morphological characteristics. According to this approach, changes in settlement's distribution and density were assessed in four Mediterranean cities (Lisbon, Barcelona, Rome, and Athens) during 80 years between 1919 and 2001. Results indicated that settlement distribution, building density and self-contained urban growth diverged in the four regions since the early 1980s. However, cities with a compact form showed an higher self-contained growth rate than cities with dispersed form. These findings contrast with the similarity in settlement characteristics, population trends, and spatial organization of economic activities observed during the ‘compact growth’ phase (1950–1980) in all examined regions. Comparative analyses of exurban development through morphological indicators may inform strategies promoting self-contained urban growth.     

Mobilizing consent: paternalism and cellular manufacturing

In this paper we explore the dynamics of the introduction of New Systems and Structures of Work Organization (NSSWO) in the context of the forces impacting upon organizational change in the unionized sector of manufacturing industry throughout the Thatcher period. This we do by way of a detailed case study of a major UK auto-components manufacturer. We explore a number of changes in work organization, including the introduction of a cellular-based system of manufacturing, from its initial strategic conception through to its implementation; the delegation of responsibility for quality to shop-floor operators and the use of more flexible working practices. In doing so, we reconsider the context of change, the detailed processes of change and the pattern of accommodation between labour and management. Drawing upon our previous work on the nature of paternalism (Ackers,and Black, 1991), we explore its significance in terms of management’s constant drive for more economic work practices and patterns of organization. Specifically we explore the significance of paternalism as a relevant concept in interpreting the case, and hence, also, as a relevant concept in understanding HRM. The case challenges the prevailing ideology that the ‘successful’

economic organization requires (a) a de-regulated labour market and (b)

a trade union free environment, or, failing this, that management needs to

develop an individualistic approach towards the work-force, moving from the

more pluralist‘industrial relations’approach towards an essentially ‘unitarist framework, as found in certain interpretations of ‘uman resource management’(Guest, 1987)

The paper is thus a contribution to the continuing analysis of those ‘tensions and struggles through which the open ended potential of labour power have been managed, through shifting patterns of coercion, accommodation and compliance into profitable forms of production’(Elger and Smith, 1994: 12; Thompson, 1990). By means of this case we attempt to explore this issue with respect to three interconnected

themes:

The place of paternalism as a relevant concept in the age of HRM.

The extent to which organizations may be better advised to look towards ways

to build upon their existing organization culture, rather than seeking solutions

from overseas models.

Linking with previous work on the ‘Joint Process’in the US (Black and Ackers, 1994), the paper raises issues concerning the ‘strategic issue . . . which managers have to face . . . the balance between joint regulation and joint consultation’(Storey and Sissons, 1993: 221), and hence the role of trades unions in organizational change programmes.     

西方绘画表现形式对电影艺术的影响

电影艺术是现代社会的产物,其艺术理论与表现手法都明显受到西方绘画的影响。绘画表现形式对于电影的影响是全方位的,影响电影艺术家创作的主要因素体现在电影画面的安排上,其中较为明显的是色彩、构图与造型三个方面。     

区域性超国家组织及其诸种形式辨析

区域性超国家组织大量形成是当代社会政治结构演化过程中出现的一种新形式,它主要是国家政府间的集团组织。规模较大的组织有欧洲联盟、非洲联盟、美洲国家组织、东南亚国家联盟、上海合作组织、独立国家联合体等。这种超国家机构多是在经济全球化过程中跨国家、跨地区的经济共同体或经济协作组织大规模迅速发展而导致政治合作的产物。这些组织类型不同,功能各异,有的政治功能强,有的经济功能强,有的属军事合作,有的是洲际性的,有的则是区域性的,但影响远非局限于某一区域。各种各样的超国家组织正处在发展演化过程中。     

Relationship between positive psychological capital and creative performance

Despite considerable attention to the creative process and its relationship with personal characteristics, there is no published study focused directly on the relationship between the recently recognized core construct of psychological capital (PsyCap) and creative performance. Drawing from a large (N = 899) and heterogeneous sample of working adults, this study investigates PsyCap and its components (i.e., efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience) as predictors of creative performance. Overall PsyCap predicted creative performance over and above each of the four PsyCap components. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are considered. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

虚拟企业与耗散结构理论

作为系统论的新发展,耗散结构理论主要研究一个系统从无序向有序,从低序向高序转化的机理、条件和规律。将耗散结构理论的思想和方法用于解决管理领域的问题,需要满足耗散结构的一般性判据。虚拟企业是多个企业自发形成的一种自组织结构,具有耗散结构的特征。虚拟企业系统中的耗散结构特征表现在开放性、远离平衡态和序参量的存在。     

Co-production of service innovations through dynamic capability enhancement

The main aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of co-production practices with customers on service innovation. Specifically, we sought to determine whether dynamic capabilities (the specific abilities a company has to shape, reshape, configure, and reconfigure idiosyncratic assets to respond to changing technologies and markets) could mediate the effect of co-production on service innovation. In this paper, we examine the factors that could influence co-production practices and determine whether organizational commitment moderates the effect of co-production practice on an organization's dynamic capabilities. Using a survey approach of Taiwanese firms, we showed that dynamic capability fully mediates the effects of co-production practice on service innovation and that market orientation and customer matching have a significant influence on co-production practices. In addition, this study has empirically demonstrated that service firms would be well advised to engage in developing service innovation through enhancing their own dynamic capabilities.     

我国医药零售企业国际比较与对策研究

随着我国加入WTO及世界经济一体化 ,我国在医药流通领域的管制将于 2 0 0 5年放开。以我国医药零售业的代表企业———深圳一致药业股份有限公司、上海华氏大药房有限公司为例同世界巨头———CVS和Walgreen在企业的发展历史、赢利模式、绩效评价指标分析等方面做横向比较 ,找出我国医药零售企业和世界巨头的差距 ,在此基础上才能从产业组织结构优化的角度制定出相应的措施     

Allocative efficiency of rural water supply – a globally flexible SGM cost frontier

This contribution investigates the efficiency of water suppliers in rural areas of East and West Germany. A non-radial measure of input specific allocative inefficiency is used to reduce the distributional dependency with respect to the inefficiency parameters. It is based on the demand system of a flexible cost function for the variable inputs labour, energy and chemicals modelled by applying a modified symmetric generalized McFadden functional form. Concavity restrictions, as required by economic theory, are imposed. The analysis reveals that efforts towards increasing suppliers’ allocative efficiency should focus on the relatively inefficient usage of the input chemicals. The input specific allocative model specification was found to be superior to the overall allocative specification.

体育教学组织形式与指导原则

体育教学是联系教师的"教"和学生的"学"的纽带,教师如何组织教学直接影响着教学的质量和效果。教师要树立"健康第一"的指导思想,以学生为本,组织教学应适应体育教学组织形式的变化,以促进学生的发展。