农地确权、土地细碎化与农户生产要素投入决策——来自广东粤北山区农户的调查分析

文章基于中国农地确权制度改革的政策背景,以及备受关注的土地细碎化的资源特征,构建“产权权利界定、产权资源特性与农户生产要素投入”的理论分析框架,借助广东粤北山区阳山县农户的调查数据,采用条件混合处理模型的计量结果表明:农地确权未能有效激励农户的生产要素投入行为,但土地细碎化显著抑制了农户雇佣劳动力和机械服务购买行为,还显著促进了化肥施用。进一步纳入农地确权和土地细碎化的交互项的模型结果表明,农地确权与土地细碎化两者之间不存在互补或替代的交互效应。采用中介机制、子样本分析等模型验证了上述结论的稳健性。由此认为,农地确权政策的影响具有情境依赖性,不可教条式地过度吹捧农地确权政策的生产投入影响效应;对于丘陵山区地带而言,农业政策应从聚焦于地权制度改革调整到缓解农地细碎化问题上。这不仅对激励农业生产要素的投入具有必要性与紧迫性,而且也有利于农地“减肥”,缓解中国日益紧迫的农业资源环境问题。     

Pizza over the Internet: e-commerce,the fragmentation of activity and the tyranny of the region

This study is aimed at analysing the relationships between local development agencies and various actors from within their environments. The authors explore the applicability of a relationship marketing approach to local development and propose the influence of economic development objectives on the relational orientation of partnerships, as well as the correspondence between the relational orientation, the results obtained and the expectations of continuity. The empirical study focuses on particular cases of Spanish development agencies operating at local and regional level. A structural equations analysis in a sample of 174 relationships of 18 local development agencies evidences that while the relational orientation of internal relationships and lateral relationships with other development agents is hardly influenced by the objectives of economic development, the closeness of vertical relationships (residents, firms, tourists and local entrepreneurs) depends to a large extent on these objectives. Moreover, it has been confirmed the that effect of relational orientation on competitiveness, on efficient management, and on satisfaction, whereas the creation of infrastructures seems not to be a direct result. The authors conclude that managing relationships with suppliers and target groups as alliances, working together, sharing information, resolving conflicts satisfactorily, and sharing common values, will guarantee performance and resources management efficiency, and will ensure the continuity of fruitful relationships.     

国际分割生产的发展与我国的外资、外贸政策导向

国际分割生产成为国际分工的一种重要现象,我国参与的程度越来越高。国际分割生产有利于我国产业结构的提升、区域经济的协调发展和"走出去"战略的实施,我国的外资和外贸政策应当充分利用国际分割生产的这一特点。     

Farm technology and technical efficiency: Evidence from four regions in China

In this paper we fit stochastic frontier production functions to data of Chinese farms grouped into each of four regions—North, Northeast, East, and Southwest—over 1995–1999. These frontier production functions are shown to have statistically different structures, and the elasticities provide some evidence of diminished marginal products of chemical inputs in the East and capital services in the North and Southwest. Labor has a low elasticity except in the North. Standardized technical efficiency scores are estimated for the farms and are shown to have the same structure across regions and to be related to the age of the household head, land fragmentation, and the village migration ratio, controlling for year effects and village or regional fixed effects.     

珠江三角洲城市区域空间演化研究

行政区划调整既是城市化发展的结果,也是管窥和衡量城市化发展阶段的重要标志。以珠三角行政区划调整为主线,从历史视角回顾了珠三角城市区域空间演化的过程,并总结归纳出若干特征。改革开放以来,珠三角城市区域空间演化可分为三个阶段：从单中心城市到城镇密集区,从城市密集区到城市群,从城市群到大都市区（或都市连绵区）。空间演化主要特征包括：“外引内联型”要素配置模式,自下而上的“内部膨胀型”空间演化模式,正式的行政区划调整和非正式的区域协调机制相结合的“双轨制”区域治理演化模式等。随着城市化的快速发展,珠三角城市区域应逐步从强调城市竞争的“行政区经济”向提倡合作的大都市区治理转变。     

The last generalists

Abstract

The general trend of research specialisation in economics has contributed to the marginalisation of the history of economic thought. However, it has also led to a state of fragmentation in the profession and thereby increased the costs of neglecting the history of economic thought. This paper argues that historians of thought can help to counteract fragmentation because they are special generalists that fulfil multiple functions, for example, in the education of economists, the detection of blind spots in modern theories and the identification of routes for innovation by backtracking.     

贸易垂直专业化之研究综述

对贸易垂直专业化与国际分工的研究,使标准贸易理论的研究视野由产品问分工扩展到产品内分工。对该领域研究的内容、方法与结论做了归纳,就贸易垂直专业化的发展趋势、理论模型拓展以及经济效应分析三个方面的问题加以系统评述。     

农地细碎化对农户农地流转决策的影响研究

研究目的:分析农地细碎化对农户农地流转决策的影响。研究方法:成本—收益理论,排序概率选择模型。研究结果:(1)农地细碎化增加了农业生产成本,降低单位面积农业生产收益,对农户农地最优经营规模产生负向影响;(2)农地细碎化对农户转入意愿产生负向影响,使农地流转市场的需求量减少;(3)农地细碎化对农户转出意愿虽有一定的正向影响,在一定程度上使农地流转市场的供给量增加,但农户转出意愿主要受非农就业影响。研究结论:为活跃农地流转市场,应采取农地整治等措施降低细碎化程度,鼓励新型农业经营组织转入农地,形成适度规模经营的农业生产格局,增加农地流转市场的需求量;此外,应深化城市经济社会体制改革,提供更多更好的非农就业岗位,以吸引农民市民化,使更多的农民愿意转出农地,增加农地流转市场的供给量。     

Whereto land fragmentation–land grabbing in Romania? The place of negotiation in reaching win–win community-based solutions

The present study seeks to discuss and advance the understanding of land fragmentation and land grabbing within Romania's economic historiography landmarks, depicting how the origins of the land property issues are deeply embedded politically, socially, and culturally in history and still strongly exist in today's collective mind. Scientific evidence on the perceptions and behaviors of land owners regarding land grabbing was obtained through a non-probabilistic survey. The data collection instrument was a structured questionnaire, which was applied through face-to-face interviews to a sample of 52 Romanian land owners from various regions of the country. The results show that in the land owners’ perception, if land is sold to foreigners, national security is the most vulnerable aspect. Regarding the preference for the nationality of the land buyer, the majority of the people investigated prefer to sell to a Romanian buyer, thus making a clear statement in favor of the Romanian ownership of the land. The empirical results are placed in the context of a bottom-up approach—negotiation, with a high potential, unexplored in Romania, for implementing win–win agricultural solutions. Negotiation is valued as part of the answer to land fragmentation–land grabbing, a “back and forth” matter. The study recommends several measures for land use policy, tailored according to specific Romanian conditions, such as using an open access electronic registry of foreign land acquisitions, establishing a threshold for these acquisitions, and securing the preservation of the agricultural destination of land. In a political and economic context where land fragmentation and grabbing are two realities that are hard to deny and separate, a significant implication of the research is the enrichment of knowledge related to the sources of the “chronical” nature of fragmentation and to land owners’ attitude toward land grabbing, thus contributing to the design and implementation of future integrative land use solutions.     

The Farmland Rental Paradox: Extreme land ownership fragmentation as a new form of land degradation

Extreme farmland ownership fragmentation is becoming a limiting factor for sustainable land management in some countries. Scattered, excessively small parcels cease to be viable for individual farming, and owners feel forced to rent these parcels to larger enterprises farming on adjacent land. Our study demonstrates a phenomenon that we call the Farmland Rental Paradox, where very small parcels tend to create large production blocks by being rented to larger farmers, and therefore to significantly homogenize the land-use pattern. The parcel size established as the threshold for this phenomenon is 1.07 ha. Below this threshold, the smaller the parcels were, the larger the blocks that they tended to create.Using the example of the Czech Republic, a state with extremely high farmland ownership fragmentation, it is demonstrated that this phenomenon can currently determine the land use of up to 40% of the country's farmland. Our study also points to other countries where this phenomenon may apply, especially the transitional countries of Central and Eastern Europe.The study discusses the tempo of the fragmentation process, which accelerates exponentially in countries with the equal inheritance system. It goes on to discuss defragmentation, social impacts of the dominance of the land rental market, and environmental impacts of significant homogenization of the land-use pattern. The serious negative impacts of extreme land-ownership fragmentation show that this phenomenon can be considered as a significant form of land degradation.