企业理论批判

现代西方企业理论认为企业是降低不确定性的一种手段。而本文认为是机器的使用为企业的产生奠定了物质基础和社会基础,不确定性不是企业产生的必要条件。英国十八世纪初期产业革命史也证明了这一点。     

外商投资企业避税问题及对策

外资对中国经济发展的贡献有目共睹,但外商投资企业的税收漏洞及带来的各种问题日益严重,文章针对外商投资企业避税问题,分析了外商投资企业避税的成因、表现形式和危害,结合反避税工作实践提出了解决外商投资企业避税问题的方法和对策建议。     

时间间隔测量仪在时延测试中的应用

介绍了用时间间隔测量仪测时延的方法,提出了切实可行的改善时间间隔测量仪测量结果的不确定度的方法,并给出了其在不同测试条件下的测量结果.最后,简单介绍了其在工程测试中的应用.     

直升机毫米波防撞雷达的发展与应用

首先简要描述了直升机毫米波防撞雷达的发展历程，然后重点介绍国外已经装备和正在研制的几种典型的直升机毫米波防撞雷达，最后指出了直升机毫米波防撞雷达技术的未来发展趋势。     

科学与信念

一直以来,科学被人们当成纯粹客观的理性活动,信念被人们当成非科学和非理性的东西排斥在科学活动之外。但是,由于科学在没有得到彻底的证明前包含着一定程度的不确定性,把不确定性化为确定性就需要信念的支持。这种信念的支持在科学活动中主要体现在:一是在科学活动中科学家对自己的探究方向的坚信;二是对含有局限性的科学理论的检验标准的坚信;三是对由此标准而确立的科学理论的客观性的坚信。     

Water use and salinity in the Murray–Darling Basin: A state-contingent model*

The supply of water for irrigation is subject to climatic and policy uncertainty. The object of the present paper is to show how the linear and non-linear programming models commonly used in modelling problems such as those arising in the Murray–Darling Basin may be adapted to incorporate a state-contingent representation of uncertainty. Estimates showing the potential value of improved water use are also derived.     

Distinguishing closely held companies for taxation purposes: The Australian experience 1930-1972

Early in the life of Australia's income tax, the government, sensitive to loss of taxation revenue through artificial arrangements to divert taxable profits from individuals to companies where they would be taxed more lightly, saw fit to provide a special taxation regime for closely held companies. From the first attempts by the government to distinguish closely held companies for tax purposes in 1930, until the final legislative changes in 1972, there arose a highly unsatisfactory situation in which taxpayers sought, through increasingly artificial means, to subvert the legislative purpose with the aim of tax avoidance. The government's response throughout was inadequate in a number of respects, and fuelled the fires of tax avoidance through inept drafting of the relevant legislation and delayed treatment of perceived abuses by taxpayers.     

The State-Contingent Properties of Stochastic Production Functions

The state-contingent properties of the most frequently used representations of stochastic production in the agricultural-economics literature are examined. Particular attention is paid to the cases of multiplicative uncertainty, additive uncertainty, and the Just–Pope production function. State-contingent technologies and their associated cost functions are reviewed, and that theory is applied to the stochastic production function. A generalization of the Just–Pope technology that has desirable state-contingent characteristics is proposed. Cost functions based upon state-contingent technologies are compared with cost functions based on a parametrized distribution representation of production uncertainty.     

Nonparametric Efficiency Analysis under Price Uncertainty: A First-Order Stochastic Dominance Approach

This paper extends the nonparametric approach to efficiency analysis to deal with uncertainty of input-output prices. We generalize the notion of economic efficiency to derive necessary and sufficient first-order stochastic dominance (FSD) efficiency conditions. Interestingly, the FSD conditions include as limiting cases the traditional conditions for economic efficiency and technical efficiency. Furthermore, we propose empirical tests for these FSD conditions, which require minimal assumptions concerning the preferences of the decision-maker and the statistical distribution of the prices. From operational point of view, the FSD conditions can be tested empirically using standard mathematical programming techniques. An empirical application to the Dutch electricity distribution sector illustrates the approach.     

Central Bank independence: Low inflation at no cost? A numerical simulations exercise

The independent nature of the Central Bank is often associated with achieving low and stable inflation. Further to that the merits of independence are stretched to achieving low(er) output variability when compared to a government run monetary policy. In this paper we use the Alesina (1989) and Alesina and Gatti (1995) model to examine how often an Independent Central Bank can achieve an improvement on both counts. To do that we run numerical simulations where we change the ex ante probability of elections (and hence the degree of electoral uncertainty) with a view to determining how the private sector’s perceptions affect the level of output variability. Our conclusions agree with the Alesina and Gatti assertion that there will exist occasions when all political parties will be better off by consenting to the running of monetary policy by an independent institution but more often than not this comes at some cost to output. On theoretical grounds therefore, the trade-off between inflation and output variability (à la Rogoff) is still a valid one.