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91.
Demographic structure could affect economic growth through many channels. However, little is known about how demographic structure affects economic growth since no study has examined an extensive collection of channels through which demographic structure could affect economic growth in a single context. This paper overcomes this limitation by examining 45 potential mediating variables between demographic structure and economic growth. A causal search algorithm is used to identify channels through which demographic structure affects economic growth. Our results suggest that demographic structure affects economic growth differently between developed and developing countries. For developed countries, we find that an increase in the share of middle-aged workers has a positive effect on economic growth through institutions, investment and education channels. On the other hand, an increase in the share of the senior population has a negative effect on economic growth through institutions and investment channels. For developing countries, we find (but with weak evidence) that an increase in the share of young workers has a negative effect on economic growth through investment, financial market development and trade channels. 相似文献
92.
孟志华 《石家庄经济学院学报》2014,(4):91-95
管理层讨论与分析(Management’s Discussion and Analysis,MDA)作为财务报表的有益补充,因其能够有助于增强信息披露的针对性和有效性而越来越受到信息使用者的关注。针对我国MDA信息质量不高的现状和评价体系不尽完善的情况,总结和吸收前人的研究成果,合理界定MDA信息质量特征。在此基础上,充分考虑MDA信息的生成机制和外部评价结果,采用层次分析法,构建适合我国上市公司MDA信息质量评价模型。 相似文献
93.
为了降低制造业的生产成本,提高收益,在分析生产物流配线闲置和超载成本的基础上,采用粒子群算法对其进行优化,并利用模糊自适应改进惯性权值,通过实证研究表明该方法实用,可操作性强,可以有效降低制造业生产物流成本,具有广泛的应用价值。 相似文献
94.
Iain L. MacDonald 《Revue internationale de statistique》2014,82(2):296-308
There is by now a long tradition of using the EM algorithm to find maximum‐likelihood estimates (MLEs) when the data are incomplete in any of a wide range of ways, even when the observed‐data likelihood can easily be evaluated and numerical maximisation of that likelihood is available as a conceptually simple route to the MLEs. It is rare in the literature to see numerical maximisation employed if EM is possible. But with excellent general‐purpose numerical optimisers now available free, there is no longer any reason, as a matter of course, to avoid direct numerical maximisation of likelihood. In this tutorial, I present seven examples of models in which numerical maximisation of likelihood appears to have some advantages over the use of EM as a route to MLEs. The mathematical and coding effort is minimal, as there is no need to derive and code the E and M steps, only a likelihood evaluator. In all the examples, the unconstrained optimiser nlm available in R is used, and transformations are used to impose constraints on parameters. I suggest therefore that the following question be asked of proposed new applications of EM: Can the MLEs be found more simply and directly by using a general‐purpose numerical optimiser? 相似文献
95.
This paper introduces the vehicle routing problem with soft time windows (VRPSTW) in which problem definition differs from ones previously defined in literature. Branch-and-price approach is employed, resulting in a set partitioning master problem and its new subproblem. Novel techniques are consequently developed to solve this new subproblem. Experimental results report the comparisons of these solution techniques under the branch-and-price framework. The VRPSTW solutions have further been compared to the state-of-the-art literature, signifying the superiority of the VRPSTW on this issue. 相似文献
96.
文章分析了锅炉水位控制系统的基本原理及结构,针对传统PID控制器的不足之处设计了基于遗传算法的新型锅炉水位控制器,在此基础上搭建了锅炉水位控制系统。最后,通过仿真验证了该水位控制器在改善水位系统稳态误差及动态超调方面均具有较好的作用。 相似文献
97.
《Food Policy》2017
Structural changes in Norwegian and Danish food industry since the 1990s is analysed as a path dependent response to the neo-liberal turn. Norway entered the 1990s as a protected market and Denmark as case of an export oriented industry. These developmental strategies are rooted in early 20th century industrialisation and influenced by institutional transformations in the 1990s, such as EU and WTO. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are studied in the context of changing political environments. Explaining two different trajectories, we combine path dependency theories and a Polanyi inspired ‘varieties of capitalism’ framework with corporate strategy theories on food industry M&As. We identify two different types of path dependent development, a self-reinforcing in Denmark and a transformative ‘breaking point’ in Norway. 相似文献
98.
This article contributes to the current literature on mergers and acquisitions (M&As) by identifying the existence of waves and the determinants of M&A activity in the economies of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. From a sample of 2,391 M&A announcements reported by Thomson One on these countries, applying the methodology proposed by Harford (2005), evidence of M&A waves is found for the periods 1995–2002 and 2003–2010, as reported for other regions in various international studies. After controlling for economic and business environment variables, as well as for profitability and book-to-market variables at the industry level, we find evidence that supports neoclassical theory as a main explanation for M&A activity but not for the misvaluation effect. 相似文献
99.
100.
失业问题一直以来都是困扰我国经济和社会发展的一个重要社会问题。特别是近年来随着经济增长速度下降,如何促进就业成为一个重要问题。中国经济产业结构正在经历非农化的过程,这决定了就业具有二元经济条件下就业的典型特征,所以回顾二元经济条件下劳动力转移理论对于解决当前我国的失业问题具有重要借鉴意义。 相似文献