全球近40年地表温度时空变化分析

目的 地表温度是研究全球气候变化的关键参数之一，气候同化数据集具有大尺度、连续、时空代表性强的优点，非常适合用来探究全球地表温度的长期变化规律。方法 文章基于1981—2020年ERA5地表温度逐月数据，利用MATLAB编程以及GIS空间分析功能，研究了全球地表温度在年际和季节尺度上的时空变化规律。结果 （1）近40年的全球平均地表温度接近14.92℃，最冷和最暖地表温度分别出现在1985年和2020年。（2）全球地表温度分布具有较强的空间差异，呈现出大致与纬度平行，从赤道到向两极递减的分布格局，且北半球地表温度稍高于南半球的特点。（3）从时间变化趋势来看，全球绝大部分区域地表温度呈现0.02℃/年的增长速率，其中北半球增长速率高于南半球，欧洲、亚洲和北美洲增长速率高于其他大洲。（4）从区域尺度上来看，全球变暖并不是绝对的，比如北美洲中部、南美洲北部、大西洋北部、印度半岛、太平洋中部和东北部、澳大利亚西部地区以及南极洲大部分地区和沿海呈现降温趋势。结论 全球绝大部分地区近40年地表温度呈现出缓慢的增长趋势，且增长速率北半球大于南半球。     

Why is South Korea at the forefront of 5G? Insights from technology systems theory

South Korea became the first country in the world to launch a nationwide 5G network and commercialize 5G services. The Korean government played an essential role in the development of 5G, creating a tailored institutional arrangement that allowed South Korea to be at the forefront of 5G. In particular, the government set up a detailed time plan on how to go about 5G deployment and commercialization. The government also facilitated collaborative work between companies, research institutes, and academia, and strongly promoted R&D work for the development of 5G equipment, devices, and applications, providing financial and administrative support, opportunities for field trials, and various forms of incentive, including tax benefits to companies. This study analyzed the 5G socio-technical system in South Korea through the lens of technology systems theory, identifying and discussing crucial factors that have propelled 5G development and major latent aspects, such as the lack of killer applications for consumers and in vertical industries, which may potentially hinder the further growth and stabilization of the 5G system in South Korea.     

Ubiquitous technologies and 5G development. Who is leading the race?

The introduction of the fifth generation of mobile technology (5G) is expected to bring disruptive changes. These changes will be much more pervasive than any previous introduction of new mobile ‘generations’ and they are expected to influence the whole economy. For this reason, the global rush for 5G technology is not only considered crucial in economic or technological terms, but also for its implications in terms of geopolitics, international policy and national security.This paper presents an analysis of the patents in the most relevant fields of specialization connected to the 5G development. The period under investigation is from 2010 to 2019, and the data are extracted from the European Patent Office (EPO) and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) database. The analysis shows how the technologies and the specialisations needed to develop 5G are in the hands of a few countries around the globe, and how single European countries, taken in isolation, are not among those leading players. However, Europe, considered as a whole, competes well with the US and Asia in terms of patented innovations, suggesting the economic and strategic relevance of strengthening cooperation within the EU.     

5G时代农产品国际物流供应链生态发展研究

“5G”时代的到来,为农产品国际物流供应链发展提供了先进的理念和科学技术。在阐述农产品国际物流供应链生态发展现状的基础上,从智能化、短链化、共生化、信息化角度探讨了农产品国际物流供应链的发展趋势,同时指出了“5G”时代农产品国际物流供应链生态发展中存在的主要问题,最后提出了相关优化策略。     

俄罗斯教育竞争力指标与管理

教育竞争力是国家竞争力的基础。提高教育竞争力是俄罗斯国家发展战略的核心任务。俄罗斯通过制定国家发展战略和联邦教育发展纲要规定了教育竞争力纲要指标,通过联邦政府决议规定了简称为“5-100”的纲要外指标,并为实现纲要外目标成立了专门的咨议机构。本文依据指标的功能属性,对纲要指标进行分类,介绍了俄罗斯教育竞争力指标的赋值方法,较详尽介绍和分析了纲要外指标的内容和管理,并以最新数据说明了俄罗斯大学教育竞争力进展情况。在实证分析的基础上,概括了纲要管理法和目标管理法在提高教育竞争力方面各自的有效性。本文对俄罗斯在教育竞争力指标设计及为提高教育竞争力所做努力的分析和研究,可为国际教育比较研究提供了参考。     

America's decoupling from China: A perspective from stock markets

America's decoupling-from-China debate started after July 2018, reached its peak in August 2020, and is likely to continue even if it may not be a high priority for the Biden administration. Many studies have examined various aspects of this issue, especially the potential economic impacts on the US economy. Unlike previous research, this study looks at the response of stock markets. Using Google Trends data, this study created a weekly dataset from January 2020 to June 2021 to measure investor sentiment towards the US decoupling from China. Employing the generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models, the study finds that concern over decoupling is associated with significant variations in stock market prices. From this we can infer that the overall effects of decoupling on the US economy are likely to be considerable.     

A business case for 5G services in an industrial sea port area

5G is a technology that was designed to provide citizens with access to faster and innovative wireless services. While different technical aspects related to 5G have been extensively examined by researchers worldwide, a lack in the existing literature is the economics of 5G in terms of business cases of specific 5G use cases. In this article we analyse the business case for three 5G use cases in an industrial sea port area, the Hamburg port in Germany, over the period 2020–2030. The first use case is enhanced mobile broadband and the results show a payback period lower than one year for all the scenarios analysed. The second use case is automation of container handling in the port's container terminal. It was found that the payback period is also lower than one year with a positive business case net present value in all scenarios studied. The business case of the third case, augmented reality for construction projects in the port's area, is challenging as the payback period was 5 years for the baseline case. Moreover, when performing the sensitivity analysis, it was found that in several scenarios there was a negative return on investment, and it was not possible to recover the investment over the time period studied. It can be concluded that mobile network operators will need to be careful as not all new 5G service offerings may have a positive business case. Future research work should focus on studying other 5G use cases in the port area, and on examining other industrial areas beyond ports such as airports, science parks and manufacturing facilities.     

Is your netflix a substitute for your telefunken? Evidence on the dynamics of traditional pay TV and OTT in Latin America

Are audiovisual over the top (OTT) services in Latin America substitutes for the traditional Pay TV services (cable or satellite), complementary or independent? To respond to this question, we develop a simple theoretical model based on a CES utility function and estimate simultaneously, using non-linear least squares, demand functions for both audiovisual services. Our results, based on original database covering 17 Latin American countries from 2011 to 2020, suggest no substitution of Pay TV for OTT. However, during the more recent period (2015–2020), we find evidence of gross substitution (i.e., similar enough, although not completely equivalent for consumers) between these audiovisual services. This confirms, although only partially, the existence of the so-called cord-cutting and cord-saving phenomena, due to the expansion of fast internet and the richer OTT offers, and their relatively lower prices. These results suggest regulators should include OTT services in their scope and produce in-depth analysis on the country level to update and optimize regulations, as well as implement regulatory sandboxes to advance towards smart regulation, as shown in the financial industry.     

Technological sovereignty of the EU in advanced 5G mobile communications: An empirical approach

Two key issues within the debate around ‘technological sovereignty’ in the European Union are (i) access by countries and firms to enabling and emerging technologies and (ii) how strategic dependencies can be managed in order to preserve competitive positions in global value chains. In this paper, we present and discuss a multidimensional synthetic metric – the Technological Sovereignty Index (TSI) – to provide a global measure that captures the degree of exposure to specific technologies by a country (or group of countries) as well as the vulnerabilities that may be present. The paper validates the TSI by examining the EU's position (until 2021) within the global value chain of advanced 5G mobile communications, focusing on the hardware and component segments. Our findings reveal a weak degree of technological sovereignty due to (i) the shortage of specialized human capital in the EU and (ii) outsourcing trends in the relevant segments; however, untapped capabilities may exist that could partially offset strategic shortcomings.