中国原材料出口措施案:争论焦点与败诉因由剖析及反思

"中国原材料出口措施案"是继"中美轮胎特保案"败诉后的又一个中方败诉案。中国被指控对9种原材料实施出口限制措施违反《中国"入世"议定书》和GATT等相关义务,而中国则以实施出口限制措施是为了保护人类及动植物的生命或健康,保护环境和自然资源为由援引GATT第20(b)和(g)条作为抗辩依据。令人遗憾的是,专家组对本案相关条文均采用了刻板与严苛的解释,裁决结果对中国十分不利。然而,中国举证不足和中国"入世"法律文件及国内相关立法与政策存在的诸多问题,值得我们总结和反思,只有这样,才能有效应对未来的WTO诉讼。     

The Attitude of Developed and Developing Countries Towards the Kyoto Protocol and the Case of Turkey

The problem of global climate change is one of the biggest present-day global problems. This problem, which has become a current issue because of the energy crisis that happened in 1970s, as well as growing awareness of environment, have not only changed the notion of development but also led to a transformation of non-renewable energy resources. Due to rapid population growth, the depletion of the non-renewable energy resources and the raising consciousness about global climate change our comprehension of traditional development has yielded to sustainable development, while energy structure and preferences have also changed from non-renewable energy resources to renewable energy resources. As this changed pattern and problem are global, they have removed the borders among governments, required international cooperation and thus, new international actors have stepped in. In this study, the countries are divided into two parts as developed countries and developing countries. As developed countries; USA and EU countries are selected while China and India are selected as developing countries. Also as a developing country, Turkey＇s energy and climate policies, attitude towards the Kyoto Protocol signed within the scope of United Nations and the positive and the negative effects of the Protocol on the country are investigated. In this sense, it has been observed that the question of whether or not the Protocol contributes to the economy of developing countries correlates with whether or not these countries are on the side of the Protocol and it has also been observed that being on the side of the Protocol is not a threat to Turkey＇s development. If applied correctly, the policies that Turkey will pursue within the scope of the Protocol will help the country to reduce foreign energy dependency and cooperate with other countries. A comparative method is used in this paper.     

Quantification of the environmental impacts of road conditions in Brazil

This study evaluates the impacts of Brazilian highway conditions on fuel consumption and, consequently, on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. For the purpose of this study, highway conditions refer to the level of highway maintenance: the incidence of large potholes, large surface cracks, uneven sections, and debris. Primary computer collected data related to the fuel consumption of three types of trucks were analyzed. The data were derived from 88 trips taken over six routes, each route representative of one of two highway conditions: better or worse. Study results are initially presented for each type of truck being monitored. The results are then aggregated to approximate the entire Brazilian highway network. In all cases, results confirmed environmental benefits resulting from travel over the better routes. There was found to be an increase in energy efficiency from traveling better roads, which resulted in lower fuel consumption and lower CO₂ emissions. Statistical analysis of the results suggests that, in general, fuel consumption data were significant at *P < 0.05, rejecting the null hypothesis that average fuel consumption from traveling the better routes is statistically equal to average fuel consumption from traveling the worse routes. Improved Brazilian road conditions would generate economic benefits, reduce dependency on and consumption of fossil fuels (due to the increase in energy efficiency), and reduce CO₂ emissions. These findings may have additional relevancy if Brazil needs to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to reach future Kyoto Protocol's emissions targets, which should take effect in January 2013.     

HF／VHF／UHF航空数据传输链路规约综述

描述了国外６种典型的ＨＦ／ＶＨＦ／ＵＨＦ航空数据传输链,并结合我国航空通信的现状提出一些建议。     

Cost of Equity Capital and Additionality of Brazilian Renewable Energy Projects Under the Clean Development Mechanism

The purpose of this study was to assess additionality and the practice of estimating the cost of equity capital in 70 renewable energy projects in Brazil. Forty projects demonstrated additionality by means of financial analysis. No strong or clear relationships were found between project characteristics and the financial method used to demonstrate additionality. Among projects that used financial analysis, the evaluation often employed the risk-free rate. Failure to add any risk premium to projects of this nature suggests a certain analytical carelessness, perhaps induced by the innovative or experimental nature of these projects.     

基于SIP的呼叫控制模块设计

介绍了呼叫控制模块的设计.该模块采用会话初始协议(SIP),主要用于无线局域网多媒体通信,支持局域网子网间无缝切换.通过编程对整个设计流程进行了验证,并利用IP呼叫生成器模拟电话终端进行测试,充分证明所设计的呼叫控制模块具有较高的性能参数.     

Processes and Consequences in Business EthicalDilemmas: The Oil Industry and Climate Change

We present a model of rational behavior by which we characterize business ethical dilemmas as trade-offs between processes and consequences. As an illustration, we formulate the oil industry's business ethical dilemma as a trade-off between a socially detrimental process (emitting greenhouse gases, hence inducing a risk of climate change) and a self-interested consequence (profits). The proposed framework allows us to specify two types of strategies, differing by whether priority is given to the consequences or to the processes. We analyze and illustrate these strategies at both the behavioral and the discursive levels. In particular, communication strategies raise questions about good faith in business argumentation, in the sense that business discourse may or may not be consistent with actual assumptions and/or actual behaviors. We conclude on possible drivers of more ethical business behavior.     

清洁发展机制的项目融资方式

清洁发展机制 (CDM)是京都议定书中第 1 2条定义的 ,介绍《京都议定书》提出的清洁发展机制 (CDM)的目的和CDM项目的运作方式 ,探讨了CDM项目七种融资方式的特点、应用前景和应用范围 ,为企业参与CDM项目融资提出了建议     

我国在海外植树造林探讨

《京都议定书》规定的温室气体减排要求,发达国家可在海外进行碳交易和植树造林,购买和替代减排配额。虽然此义务目前不在发展中国家实行,我国也不承担减排义务,但发达国家承诺的义务只到2012年。一些国家已经要求世界温室气体排放第二位的中国承担义务。我国木材加工制造业、建筑业消耗及民间和政府消费,都需要大量的木材原料及加工产品,国内难以满足。为此,依据合理的国际分工及国际义务以及我国的实际需要,到热带发展中国家植树造林,配合走出去战略,既履行国际义务,援助发展中国家,又可得到我国工业与民用的木材原料供应。     

碳金融与我国商业银行的业务创新

碳金融是金融体系应对气候变化的重要机制创新。自《京都议定书》生效以来,碳交易市场已经发展成为全球最具发展潜力的商品交易市场。对于我国商业银行来说,既要减缓气候变化对经济金融体系的负面效应,又要在适应气候变化中把握机遇,提供管理气候风险的金融产品和服务,最终实现减排目标。本文总结了兴业银行开展碳金融业务的实践经验,分析了我国碳金融市场发展的隐患,提出我国商业银行要配合节能减排项目调整授信结构,积极支持绿色信贷,加快环境金融创新;同时我国要尽快出台碳金融业务的扶持政策,促进相关中介组织的建设,推动碳金融业务在我国的发展。