公路软土地基处理综合方法及应用

文中在总结常用的公路软基处理方法,如置换法、预压法、轻质路堤、排水固结、复合地基法等基础上,提出了软土地基综合处理方法,包括预加外力荷载、添掺外加剂、改变外荷载应用分布、土体加筋、反压护坡道等方法,并针对典型的错台问题,给出了综合处理方法应用案例,供相关工程技术人员参考。     

农村养老保险综合替代率及其结构分析

中国农村养老保险进一步完善的难点之一是确定合理的养老金给付水平。衡量养老金给付水平最核心的指标是养老金替代率。采用"社会平均替代率"概念,提出养老金目标替代率设为农民劳均收入的50%能够实现"保基本"的目标。现行农村社会养老金替代率约为8%,远低于目标替代率水平,农村养老保险体系中的土地保障、子女养老、社会救助发挥了重要作用,农民养老综合替代率达到32%~37%。未来随着社会养老金给付提高,综合替代率将在2030~2035年达到目标替代率水平,在2050年达到66%~68%。农村养老保险体系从以家庭养老为主向社会养老为主转变。     

An assessment of the cost of percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI) versus surgical pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) in patients with right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction

Abstract

Background:

Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI) using the Melody transcatheter pulmonary valve is a new procedure introduced in 2000 as a less invasive treatment for right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) dysfunction. The aim of this new procedure is to restore pulmonary valve competence without the need of open-chest operation. By prolonging the conduit lifespan, it delays surgical pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) and it can therefore potentially reduce the number of open-chest interventions over a patient’s lifetime. PPVI has been shown to be feasible and safe and can be performed with a low complication rate.

Objectives and Methods:

The aim of this study is to assess the cost of PPVI and the cost of surgical pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) in patients with right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction using a cohort simulation model applied to the UK population.

Results:

The model resulted in an estimate of mean cost per patient of £5,791 when PPVI is unavailable as a treatment option and in an estimate of mean cost per patient of £8,734 when PPVI is available over the 25-year period of analysis. After sensitivity analysis was undertaken the results showed that the mean per patient cost difference in implementing PPVI over 25 years as compared to surgical PVR lies somewhere between £2,041 and £3,913.

Limitations:

Given the lack of long-term data on treatment progression, the cost estimates derived here are subject to considerable uncertainty, and extensive sensitivity analysis has been used to counter this. Consequently this study is merely indicative of the levels of cost which can be expected in a cohort of 1,000 patients faced with a choice of treatment with PPVI or surgery. It is not a cost-effectiveness study but it helps place current knowledge on short-term benefits into context.

Conclusions:

As this analysis shows PPVI is associated with a relatively small increase in treatment management costs over a long time period. It is left entirely to the reader to value whether this inferred increase in long-term cost is worthwhile given the known short-term benefits and any personal judgement formed over long-term benefit.     

A measurement of the extent of market imperfections between markets and applications

This study estimates the size and value of unpaid family caretaking activities at a European level. While at a country level several studies are available, a comprehensive evaluation for Europe as a whole was missing so far, mainly due to data limitations. This article fills this gap using a method that merges the information of the European Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) with the Harmonised European Time Use Surveys (HETUS). Monetary values of unpaid family domestic work and unpaid family childcare work are obtained applying both the opportunity cost and the market replacement approaches. For Europe as a whole, the total value of these activities ranges between 17% and 31.6% of the EU Gross Domestic Product (GDP), depending on the applied methodology. The national values of these activities are discussed and an interpretation of the country and gender differentials in family caretaking costs is given in terms of differences in culture, economic development and welfare state.     

Coordination versus flexibility in wage formation: a focus on the nominal wage impact of productivity in Germany,Greece, Ireland,Portugal, Spain and the United States

Wage coordination between countries of the European Monetary Union (EMU) aims at aligning nominal wage growth with labour productivity growth at the national level. We analyse the developments in Germany, the EMU’s periphery countries Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain along with the United States over the period 1980 to 2010. Apart from the contribution of productivity to nominal wages, we take into account the contributions of prices, unemployment, replacement rates and taxes by means of an econometrically estimated nonlinear equation resulting from a wage bargaining model. We further study the downward rigidities of nominal wages. The findings show that in past times of low productivity, price inflation and reductions in unemployment still put significant upward pressure on nominal wage growth. The periphery countries are far from aligning nominal wage growth with productivity growth. German productivity is a major wage determinant, but surely not the only one. Within the context of a free bargaining process between employers and labour unions, policy-makers can effectively use the replacement rate to steer the nominal wages outcome.     

Implications of manager replacement: evidence from the Spanish mutual fund industry

We analyse the financial consequences of manager replacement in a sample that includes all domestic and European equity funds in Spain. Specifically, we examine a total of 104 funds of the sample that experience manager turnover over the period 1999–2009. We find that underperforming funds in the pre-replacement period experience a significant improvement in the excess returns and performance after the manager change, an improvement that lasts over time for domestic equity funds. The analysis of the risk profile indicates that funds experiencing a manager change do not show significantly different levels of risk before the replacement dates although they tend to show an increase in the level of total risk after the change. Finally, the pool-regression analysis of the investment flows confirms that manager changes tend to impact negatively on subsequent flows of those funds with manager turnover.     

山西省旅游业新旧动能转换测度及其影响研究

旅游业新旧动能转换是山西省实现经济高质量发展的重要举措.以山西省旅游业为研究对象,构建传统动能和新动能测量的指标体系,并测算新旧动能转换指数,对山西省旅游业的新旧动能转换特征和规律予以分析.结果表明:山西省旅游业的发展长期依赖传统动能,2008—2018年,传统动能的发展程度显著高于新动能,新旧动能转换指数较低,长期位于[0.78,1.04]区间;岭回归实证分析结果显示,新动能对旅游业的发展影响程度大于传统动能,其中最突出的是恩格尔效应和技术进步,影响系数分别为0.201和0.190.为实现山西省旅游业高质量发展,应重视旅游业的恩格尔效应,提升技术进步投入,加强人力资本培育机制的建设,推进旅游业新动能的发展速度和深度.     

A Historian’s Perspective on the PATCO Strike, Its Legacy, and Lessons

This article argues that the unsuccessful 1981 strike of federal air traffic controllers was the most significant single event in accelerating the decline of organized labor in the United States in the late 20th century. Like the failed Homestead steel strike of 1892, the PATCO strike cast a long shadow over US labor relations for many years after the event itself. Among the effects of the strike was the role it played in legitimizing the use of permanent replacement workers during strikes. This article draws lessons from the PATCO debacle that are worth considering 25 years later.

强夯置换在金矿采空区地基处理中的应用

强夯置换法是一种处理地基的有效方法,具有适应性广、效果好、造价低、工期短的特点。在长沙至重庆公路通道常吉高速公路k99+560-k99+800段采用强夯置换处治金矿采空区地基取得了良好的效果。文章从强夯置换的原理、施工参数的选定、施工工艺及方法、检测等方面,介绍了该方法在金矿采空区地基处理中的应用。