基于游客视角的生态旅游认证支付意愿实证分析

生态旅游认证产品能否取得商业上的成功取决于旅游消费者对它的接受程度,本文通过对浙江省4个景区的实地调查,分析了旅游消费者对生态旅游认证产品的认知和态度,并运用假设评价方法评估了旅游消费者对生态旅游认证产品的支付意愿.研究结果表明,旅游消费者对生态旅游认证产品的选择意愿受性别、教育程度、月收入、旅游频率、旅游方式、过去一年旅游花费、对生态旅游进行专门的认证并授予生态资格证书的赞同程度,以及未认证生态旅游产品的价格等因素的影响而差别显著;计算所得的支付意原表明,平均而言,旅游消费者愿意支付比未认证的生态旅游产品高35.1%的价格来购买通过认证的生态旅游产品.     

Understanding postorganic fresh fruit and vegetable consumers at participatory farmers’ markets in Ireland: reflexivity,trust and social movements

This paper examines how trusting relations between consumers and vendors of organic fresh fruits and vegetables (FFVs) in a particular type of farmers’ market (FM) in Ireland are established and maintained, and what the implications of this are. First, the food system is outlined, and then its attendant problems. These problems have led to various solutions, two of which are organic food and FMs. Then, the growth in these two areas is outlined, as is the accompanying growth in the academic literature on these two areas, some of which overlaps. Various pressures, including in particular the increasing distance food travels and disconnected stallholders and products at the FM, are suggested. In light of this, a need to apply an understanding of the reflexive consumer, trust and social movements is suggested. It is found that the consumers interviewed act reflexively by choosing to go to these FMs. They prioritize the trusting relationships built up through repeated personal contact at these FMs over and above organic certification. Along with and as part of this, they prioritize local, fresh, seasonal ‘chemical‐free’ FFVs over and above imported certified organic produce. Various aspects of collective identity formation, including modes of behaviour, objects and stories, and language, are involved in this process. These elements, to some extent, act as a buffer against the pressures of distance and disconnection. Along with this, the essential meaning of the word organic is, in this particular context, reconstructed to include various socio‐environmental values missing from some certified organic produce. The word postorganic is suggested. The main methodologies used are semistructured in‐depth interviews and participant observation.     

电子认证法律关系探析

电子认证是一种信用服务,是对电子签名的证明。电子认证中各方当事人的权利义务基于认证服务合同产生,各方当事人都享有一定的权利,也必须承担相应的义务。电子认证法律关系实质上是一种合同关系。     

ISO认证与企业创新：地理位置与组织形式的调节效应

尽管已有研究在不同情境下广泛地检验了ISO认证所引致的绩效结果,但还未充分地关注中国企业ISO认证的相关议题。利用世界银行对中国企业的调查数据,实证检验ISO认证对企业创新的影响,以及地理位置和组织形式的调节效应。结果表明,ISO认证对产品创新与过程创新均产生显著的正向影响;相较于中西部地区的企业,东部地区企业的ISO认证对产品和过程创新的正向影响更加显著;相较于合伙制与公司制的企业,独资企业的ISO认证对产品和过程创新的正向影响更加显著。     

消费者对安全认证农产品的购买意愿与行为分析—基于长沙市的调查数据

以长沙市消费者的调查数据为例,剖析了长沙市消费者对安全认证农产品的认知情况、接受意愿、支付意愿和实际的购买行为及其相关影响因素。结果表明：消费者对农产品质量安全的关注程度较高,但对安全认证农产品的认知程度较低、信任度较低。消费者的收入水平、消费者对安全农产品的认知程度、受教育水平以及对政府的信任等均会不同程度地影响消费者对安全认证农产品的购买意愿与行为。     

Impacts of Low-Cost Land Certification on Investment and Productivity

New land reforms are again high on the policy agenda and low-cost, propoor reforms are being tested in poor countries. This article assesses the investment and productivity impacts of the recent low-cost land certification implemented in the Tigray region of Ethiopia, using a unique household and farm-plot-level panel data set, with data from before and up to eight years after the reform. Alternative econometric methods were used to test and control for endogeneity of certification and for unobserved household heterogeneity. Significant positive impacts were found, including effects on the maintenance of soil conservation structures, investment in trees, and land productivity.     

应用美国建筑节能认证模式的可行性探索——"能源之星"在中国

本文主要介绍了"能源之星"建筑节能的认证模式,分析了这种认证模式的特点,并结合我国建筑节能工作的推广进程,探索了在中国应用"能源之星"认证模式以及实现国际协调互认的可能性。     

Rent-seeking in a unionised monopoly

A unionised monopoly firm, benefitting from some kind of anti-competitive regulation, and its corresponding trade union have a common interest in spending resources to protect the monopoly rents created by the regulation. In the present paper, a situation in which the unionised monopoly is challenged by a consumer organisation fighting for deregulation is analysed as a standard Tullock rent-seeking contest. With unequal sharing of monopoly rents, the free-riding incentives among the rent-defending players turn out to be overwhelming, in the sense that the unique Nash equilibrium is characterised by zero effort contribution by the player with the lower valuation of the contested prize. This implies that being “strong”, in terms of bargaining strength, is not necessarily an advantage for neither player in a unionised monopoly that is threatened by deregulation. Received: June 2000 / accepted: January 2001     

基于SET数字证书的在线支付身份认证方案

文章对基于SET协议的电子商务系统中的身份认证进行了研究,将SET规范与RSA算法以及第三方证书认证相结合,提出了一种SET在线支付体系中对交易各方进行身份认证的方案,为电子商务的信息安全、支付安全的解决方案提供了充分的依据。