基于灰色关联法的甘南草地退化影响因素分析——以碌曲县为例

科学合理地制订恢复和改善甘肃省碌曲县草地的措施,必须首先明确影响草地退化的因素中哪种影响力度最大。采用灰色关联法对碌曲县草地退化因素系统中母因素与子因素的关系密切程度进行定量分析,结果表明,人文因素是影响碌曲县草地退化的主导因素。影响碌曲县草地退化的人文因素可归纳为牧业结构调整因子、牧民家庭支出因子和牧业劳动人口因子三个因子。采用系统聚类分析法,对人文因素进行聚类,并对其影响作用进行定性分析,得知遏制草地退化的关键在于拓宽牧民家庭收入渠道、提高牧民收入等。     

Attainment of combined optimal lipid values and the impact of lipid medication on cardiovascular outcomes and costs in a commercially insured population in the US

Abstract

Objective: To determine factors associated with the achievement of optimal lipid values (OLVs) and subsequent impact on clinical and economic outcomes.

Methods: An observational managed care database analysis was conducted among treatment-naïve adults with elevated cardiovascular (CV) risk, ≥12 months follow-up and full lipid panel from the 1st January 2002 to the 28th February 2005. Achievement of guideline-based levels for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides was evaluated via laboratory data. Annual CV-attributable resource utilisation was assessed via medical and pharmacy claims data. Clinical and economic outcomes associated with the achievement of OLVs were assessed using multivariate regression.

Results: A total of 52,778 patients were followed for a mean (standard deviation) of 27 (10) months with 13% achieving combined OLVs at baseline and 23% after 4 years. Of patients, 69% did not initiate lipid-modifying medication. The achievement of combined OLVs reduced the risk of CV event (odds ratio = 0.86; 95% confidence interval 0.78–0.95), resource utilisation (inpatient visits: 3.36 vs. 4.41 per 100 patient years, p<0.0001; emergency department visits: 1.1 vs. 2.4 per 100 patient years, p<0.05) and costs: $703 vs. $903 per patient year, p<0.0001.

Conclusions: Simultaneous achievement of OLVs was rare in this patient population. Physicians should be encouraged to manage multiple risk factors aggressively to improve clinical and economic outcomes associated with CV disease.     

超声波-曝气协同降解聚丙烯酰胺溶液的研究

研究了超声波-曝气协同工艺降解聚丙烯酰胺溶液的条件和效果。结果表明,在超声波处理聚丙烯酰胺溶液时,引入曝气后,比单纯超声的降解效率大有提高。     

Ecological response to urban development in a changing socio-economic and climate context: Policy implications for balancing regional development and habitat conservation

Rapid land use/cover changes (LUCC) have triggered severe habitat degradation over recent decades. Existing studies mainly focus on how LUCC per se affects habitat quality, while less attention is paid to the integration of LUCC, socio-economic development and climate change as a land use system, and to investigate their synergistic impacts on habitat quality. This study addresses this issue by incorporating a top-down system dynamic model, a bottom-up cellular automata and a habitat quality assessment model. The potential impacts of urban growth, socio-economic development and climate change on habitat quality of Hubei Province, China, were predicted under the four IPCC RCP scenarios. Overall, construction land was predicted to expand fast whereas forested land and cultivated land to shrink significantly from 2015 to 2030, but RCP 2.6 and 4.5 scenarios may maintain higher habitat quality compared with RCP 6.0 and 8.5 scenarios. Severe habitat degradation is likely to occur in the megacity’s surrounding ecosystems under RCP 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios, while the degradation is more likely to occur in middle-sized and small cities under RCP 4.5 and 6.0 scenarios. Further, our findings suggest that fixed asset investments and technology innovation play important roles in mitigating the negative impacts of urban and socio-economic development on habitat quality. This study should provide a useful approach for decision makers to design alternative development scenarios and to strike a balance between regional development and habitat conservation.     

What socioenvironmental impacts did 35 years of export agriculture have in Mexico? (1980–2014): A transnational agri‐food field analysis

In this article, I propose to study environmental degradation and the deterioration of the health of workers and other inhabitants in regions of Mexico where intensive fruit and vegetable production for export has been developed. My proposition is that to understand the unsustainability of such agricultural practices in all their complexity, it is necessary to analyse historically the total agri‐food field of relations established by producers, distributors, and consumers in codependency with the natural environment. This analysis of the agri‐food field allows a multidimensional and multiscale study to be conducted of the hierarchical distribution of power and of economic benefits among the different social actors of the food system. This analysis also allowed us to study the development of the capitalist regime without going into the dichotomy of centre and periphery and to propose that it is a decentralized process with a multiplicity of locations that operates on the basis of mutual associations and influences between human and non‐human elements, with the active participation of a great variety of independent, collective, and institutional actors who have differentiated motivations, ranges of power and scales of value. The case study of Mexican export agriculture was the result of long‐term research based on a wide review of regional studies, field work statistics, and archives in Mexico and the United States. This cross‐border study makes it possible to identify asymmetrical transnational relations in a context in which the Mexican government has renounced its territorial and agri‐food sovereignty and Mexican consumers face greater vulnerability.     

The Relationship between Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in Beijing： A Verification of the Environmental Kuznets Curve

This paper empirically examines Environmental Kuznets Curve （EKC） with time series data for Beijing from 1985 to 1999. The results lead to two main conclusions： the environmental policy of Beijing and China governments has made the turning point of EKC come early, at around 3000-50005; and the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation takes on an inverted-U, but different regions may have different turning points, different time-span for realizing the turning point of EKC, and different slopes for the rising-declining pattern.     

Natural resource accounting

There is as yet no consensus on the most appropriate way to incorporate the degradation of environmental capital into national income accounting procedure. Net product is currently derived by deducting from gross product the depreciation of man-made capital only. Deducting depreciation of natural capital in a similar manner will give a figure for true net product that provides a better indicator of that level of current income which is sustainable into the future. The user cost and net price methods of calculating the value of natural resource depreciation are analysed and assessed. On the basis of this assessment, the net price method is then used to adjust the national accounts of Zimbabwe for depletion of forests, soils and mineral resources, for the period 1980 to 1989. The results suggest that economic depreciation of natural resources represents approximately 2% of annual GDP, although this is regarded as a significant underestimate. The implications for integrating natural resource depletion into policy making, within the current national political climate, are then addressed.     

土地退化平衡导向下国土空间生态保护修复的路径选择

研究目的：归纳阐释土地退化平衡（LDN）对国土空间生态保护修复的理论意蕴，回答LDN导向下国土空间生态保护修复的路径选择。研究方法：逻辑推理法、归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）LDN具有鲜明的时空特征和明确的响应层次，并遵循“同类平衡（Like for Like）”与“一票否决（One out-All out）”原则。（2）新形势下土地资源的空间载体、生态本底、安全保障、服务双碳目标等功能得到拓展，客观上要求生态保护修复协调好尺度与格局、要素与系统、食物与生态、减排与增汇之间的关系。（3）LDN对生态保护修复的理论意蕴包括多尺度嵌套的动态平衡、多目标权衡的系统治理、多手段协同的实现路径。（4）基于LDN的国土空间生态保护修复策略包括：构建“功能—尺度”与“要素—系统”相耦合的LDN目标函数，引导生态保护修复目标量化；制定螺旋递进式“分区管控—分级治理—分类施策”的管理策略，促进自然与行政区划在空间上的有效衔接；建立“干预管制—激励竞争—强制倒逼—差别治理”协同的保障机制，协调“自然—社会—政府—市场”等多部门关系。研究结论：LDN在国土空间生态保护修复实践中具有积极的理论意义与现实价值，能...