Updating Seminal Studies of Entrepreneurial Researchers in the 60's to the 90's

ABSTRACT

As early as the 1960's various researchers of African and Nigerian small business and entrepreneurship like P. Schatz, P. Kilby, J. Harris and M. Rowe, A. Ale, W. Nafziger, J. Wilde and others have been debating. Their argument is with attempt to trace and identify the factors which continue to stunt the growth and development of small and medium enterprises (SME's) and entrepreneurship in Africa and in Nigeria. The investigations carried out by these and other researchers on this subject should be accepted as pertinent and justifiable. This is especially so, in consideration of the abundant availability of both natural and mineral resources for use as raw materials within the continent. In addition, enormous amount of funds has been expended alongside immense attention and effort by governments towards the development of small-scale industries and entrepreneurship. A number of external factors therefore, like inadequate infrastructure, scarcity of machines, spare parts and equipment, lack of information, paucity of raw material supplies and problem with government policies and officials as well as cultural factors have been identified among the most serious obstacles. Internal factors such as poor organizational planning, problems of succession, inadequate re-investment of profits, lack of capital and poor managerial skills have also been noted by other researchers as main growth barriers. This research updated earlier work done by these different groups of researchers with reference to the small plastics manufacturing sector in Nigeria to see if there have been any changes in the last 10-30 years of study. The findings revealed that there has hardly been any significant difference in terms of improvement especially of external constraints observed between the 1960's and 1990's. However, the study found a number of progressive internal improvements being applied in other small plastic manufacturing businesses. Recently, some small plastics manufacturing entrepreneurs on their own initiative have learned to create and innovate various ways of coping with constraints facing their businesses independently.     

保险业发展运行中亟待解决的若干问题

保险业在连续多年的快速增长后面临着一系列亟待解决和突破的重大问题,包括发展与转型、区域发展不均衡、如何学习与借鉴国际先进经验、风险防范与支持业务发展、一盘棋与差异化、外部环境配套等问题.保险业的快速发展要兼顾业务结构调整和产品转型.区域发展不均衡既是问题,也意味着中西部存在良好的发展机遇;学习与借鉴国际先进经验要结合中国实际,逐渐推进;风险防范与支持业务发展是辩证统一的关系,不是对立不可调和的;一盘棋思想与差异化政策应该有机结合使用,不可顾此失彼;税收优惠政策的突破与投资渠道的进一步放开是满足广大人民群众保险保障需求和促进保险业健康发展的重要外部环境条件.     

我国纺织品遭遇特保的影响与策略

文章分析了与我国纺织品有关特保措施的特征,深入揭示了纺织品遭受特保的负面影响,并着重从纺织业自身角度探究了针对纺织品特保措施的应对策略。     

External adjustment

Gross stocks of foreign assets have increased rapidly relative to national outputs since 1990, and the short-run capital gains and losses on those assets can amount to significant fractions of GDP. These fluctuations in asset values render the national income and product account measure of the current account balance increasingly inadequate as a summary of the change in a country's net foreign assets. Nonetheless, unusually large current account imbalances, especially deficits, should remain high on policymakers' list of concerns, even, for the richer and less credit-constrained countries. Extreme imbalances signal the need for large and perhaps abrupt real exchange rate changes in the future, changes that might have undesired political and financial consequences given the incompleteness of domestic and international asset markets. Furthermore, of the two sources of the change in net foreign assets—the current account and the capital gain on the net foreign asset position—the former is better understood and more amenable to policy influence. Systematic government attempts to manipulate international asset values in order to change the net foreign asset position could have a destabilizing effect on market expectations. JEL no. F21, F32, F36, F41     

Code and conduct in French cuisine: Impact of code changes on external evaluations

We study the effects of organizational code‐preserving and code‐violating changes on external evaluations by third parties—an essential but under‐studied strategic outcome. We define code‐preserving changes as a variation in the firm's product range that preserves the social code within which the firm positions its offering. By contrast, a code‐violating change corresponds to a variation in the product range that breaks with past codes and embraces another social code. Our analyses of French haute cuisine restaurants show that code‐preserving changes and code‐violating changes have positive effects on external evaluations. Both effects decline with prior evaluations received by the organization, but only the effect of code‐violating changes is reduced with age. Moreover, external evaluations improve when restaurants undertake more code‐preserving changes than their direct competitors but decline when they make more code‐violating changes than competitors. These results enable us to derive implications for research on strategic change, strategic groups, and strategic social positioning. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

上市公司股票流动性影响因素的作用机制分析

通过对金融市场和金融资产流动性的理论进行回顾和研究,影响上市公司股票流动性的因素具体分为外生因素变量和内生因素变量,进一步分析这些因素对上市公司股票流动性的作用机制,有助于机构或个人投资者对证券资产流动性的认识和对流动性风险的管理.     

煤炭资源利用效率与生态帕累托之间的关系研究——以山西省为例

本文基于山西煤炭资源利用情况,分析了在煤炭资源利用过程中产生的外部不经济,通过数据资料分析提出煤炭资源利用效率对生态帕累托的影响,并在此基础上提出一些寻求能源利用和生态平衡的建议。     

电子商务时代中国传统企业战略调整

面对电子商务时代的到来，本文分析了我国传统企业的外部、内部环境，讨论了传统企业该如何调整其发展战略，在战略实施过程中应注意的问题。     

县域总部经济发展动因研究--以浙江省为例

总部经济亦日益成为县域经济转型升级的重要战略之一。文章以浙江为例，运用唯物辩证法内外因理论分析了县域总部经济发展的动因及作用机理，指出浙江县域总部经济发展是在宏观、微观、行政三种动因耦合作用的结果，并基于发展动因的作用机理对浙江县域总部经济路径来源提出对策建议。     

马克思主义中国化外生性动力机制的概念诠释

马克思主义中国化的外生性动力机制指的是所有驱动马克思主义中国化的各种外在动力构造要素的有机组合。实践表明,要拓展马克思主义中国化动力机制的理论研究,就必须深入分析马克思主义中国化外生性动力机制的逻辑基点、概念内涵及其外延。