Environmental evaluation of agri-environment schemes using participatory approaches: Experiences of testing the Agri-Environmental Footprint Index

The Agri-Environment Footprint Index (AFI) has been developed as a generic methodology to assess changes in the overall environmental impacts from agriculture at the farm level and to assist in the evaluation of European agri-environmental schemes (AES). The methodology is based on multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and involves stakeholder participation to provide a locally customised evaluation based on weighted environmental indicators. The methodology was subjected to a feasibility assessment in a series of case studies across the EU. The AFI approach was able to measure significant differences in environmental status between farms that participated in an AES and non-participants. Wider environmental concerns, beyond the scheme objectives, were also considered in some case studies and the benefits for identification of unintentional (and often beneficial) impacts of AESs are presented. The participatory approach to AES evaluation proved efficient in different environments and administrative contexts. The approach proved to be appropriate for environmental evaluation of complex agri-environment systems and can complement any evaluation conducted under the Common Monitoring and Evaluation Framework. The applicability of the AFI in routine monitoring of AES impacts and in providing feedback to improve policy design is discussed.     

A ‘Legislation-Check’ based on ‘3-D Sustainability’ - Addressing global precautionary land governance

This paper aims to provide a new and practical approach called ‘Legislation-Check’ to identifying shortcomings in national legislation in terms of how well it implements sustainable development, and ways of improving the legislation. National legislation was chosen as it represents a sort of ‘skeleton of society’ and defines the status quo, as well as setting the main environmental, societal and economic directions of the population covered.The approach presented is based on a new concept called ‘3-D Sustainability’, which focuses on the precautionary principle. 3-D Sustainability provides criteria in a flexible hierarchy for solving conflicts of interest between economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainability. In this paper, these criteria and dimensions are applied to various sectors of Austrian national environmental legislation to identify the shortcomings of the legislation and ways of addressing these shortcomings.This paper shows, by way of quantitative data, a significant increase in the use of sustainability related terms in generally applicable legal instruments (both federal and provincial) in Austria since 2003. In qualitative terms the results of the paper further indicate, using national environmental legislation, several hierarchical disorders between different legal acts and opportunities for improving them. Furthermore, inadequacies in the way that the legislation handles sustainable development and a total lack of overall objectives and targets in terms of sustainability are highlighted, which can jeopardise sustainable development.The concept of ‘3-D Sustainability’ has not previously focused on national legislation, despite the practical importance of the legal implementation and enforcement on this geographic level. Hence, this paper contributes, through scientifically-based decision support, to practical pathways for the innovation of institutional, procedural and substantive arrangements in existing legislation.The approach presented in this paper is not restricted to environmental issues, but is applicable to all thematic areas. It is also not geographically limited, but could be implemented in any country and also beyond national borders. Furthermore, the approach can be easily replicated and provides systematically gained results for global governance change towards sustainable development.     

上市公司财务实力定量评价方法探析——基于主成分分析框架研究

上市公司是我国的绩优公司,对上市公司财务实力进行定量分析具有重要的现实意义。文章详细介绍主成分分析法的基本模型思想和解决问题思路,并构建了上市公司财务实力评价指标体系,进一步指出主成分分析法在上市公司财务实力定量评价中的具体运用以及怎样去对比和分析计算结果,总结了主成分分析法在上市公司财务实力定量评价中的优缺点并进行展望。     

成本节约的不确定性、效率抗辩与并购评估审查

横向并购可能给参与并购的企业带来成本节约而产生效率效应,同时也可能产生反竞争效应。在横向并购反垄断审查的效率抗辩中,并购企业只要能够证实成本节约的效率效应能够抵消反竞争效应进而增进社会总福利水平,就可以获得反垄断当局的批准。然而,成本节约及其实现程度具有不确定性,成本节约的不确定性不仅会影响消费者剩余和社会总福利水平,而且将对效率抗辩和反垄断当局并购审查的判定规则产生影响。本文以Cournot模型为基础,系统分析了成本节约的不确定性对于横向并购反垄断评估审查中效率抗辩、判定规则和预期消费者福利的影响,为反垄断当局在并购评估审查中如何考虑效率因素提供决策参考。     

形成性评估在大学英语教学中的应用

在当前的大学英语教学中,作为辅助手段的测试方法有诸多缺陷,为了更好地达到教学目的,促进学生学习的积极性和有效性,实施形成性评估非常必要。同时,在实施过程中要注意其目的性和方式方法。     

周跳探测法在北斗精度定位中的应用研究

介绍了北斗卫星导航系统的发展现状以及北斗卫星的组成,运用载波相位测量卫星信号,得出卫星观测过程中存在卫星周跳现象。在此之后,解析了该卫星导航精度定位的误差来源,一共能够分成三种不同的类型,分别指的是：与该卫星自身有关联的误差;与其信号传播路径有关联的误差;与接收机以及测站有关联的误差。在此步骤结束之后,剖析了周跳的定义与特性,除此之外也分析了周跳对精密定位带来的影响。最终,通过仿真方法得到了有无周跳状况下的高次差法的影响。     

论分部信息的决策有用性

企业的多元化经营和跨国经营是分部信息披露发展的主要推动因素。在企业跨行业、跨国界 (地区 )经营的情况下 ,分部信息披露可以弥补合并会计报表的不足。分部信息有助于改善信息使用者的预测能力 ,并在证券评价、风险评估方面具有决策有用性。     

提高政府规制有效性的途径与实践--一个基于成本收益分析的视角

政府规制应当进行成本收益分析以提高规制的有效性。已有的规制理论或只重视收益而忽视成本,或过分强调成本而低估收益,从而在宏观上影响着规制制度建立和运行的有效性。由于成本收益分析在公共政策决策中的某些不足,除美、英等西方国家,这种方法较少被其它国家在规制政策的制定和评估中采用。成本收益的分析可以从宏观和微观两个方面降低“规制失灵”的程度,从而相应提高政府规制的有效性。因此,我国的政府规制改革应积极引入成本收益分析及建立在成本收益分析基础之上的规制影响评估制度,以提高我国政府规制政策的有效性。     

风险投资项目评估应用方法——项目效益风险比综合评价模型

风险投资机构一般从投资风险和投资收益两个方面来进行项目评估，本文在对现有的项目评估理论和方法做出详细、客观分析研究的基础上，结合我国风险投资的实际法律、经济、信用、社会文化环境，引入中层次分析法、模糊判断法，提出了一个综合评价效益风险比的改进模型。