Private-to-private Corruption

The cases of corruption reported by the media tend almost always to involve a private party (a citizen or a corporation) that pays, or promises to pay, money to a public party (a politician or a public official, for example) in order to obtain an advantage or avoid a disadvantage. Because of the harm it does to economic efficiency and growth, and because of its social, political and ethical consequences, private-to-public corruption has been widely studied. Private-to-private corruption, by contrast, has been relatively neglected and only recently has started to receive the attention it deserves. The purpose of this paper is to offer some thoughts on the nature and importance of private-to-private corruption; the legal treatment it receives in some of the world's leading countries; and the measures that companies can take to combat it, with special consideration of its ethical aspects.     

Gender wage inequality and labour mobility in the hospitality sector

The main aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly we analyse the effects of educational mismatch on workers’ occupational mobility and secondly, we quantify the contribution of educational mismatch and labour mobility on gender wage inequality. The decomposition of the gender wage gap was controlled by different types of gender segregation. We use matched employer-employee data from 302 hotels in Andalusia. The evidence suggests that not only is external mobility far higher than internal mobility in this sector, but also that it is the main cause of wage inequality. The reason for this is the existence of labour discrimination against women, which manifests as a lack of access to labour improvements under the same conditions as men. Educational mismatch has a limited effect on internal and external mobility. Finally, gender discrimination is the overall cause of gender wage inequality and is mainly due to horizontal segregation and external mobility.     

减少国有企业代理人腐败的激励契约分析

由于我国国有企业独特的委托—代理关系和其所处的独特政策环境,国有企业的腐败时有发生。解决腐败问题可以从制度安排上着手,也可以从委托代理契约设计着手。从委托人的角度论证良好的契约激励设计将促使委托人加强监督,减少代理人腐败;从代理人角度论证加大激励将减少代理人参与腐败的动机。     

Factors in the Development of Trade Credit: Case Study of Provinces in China

Using Chinese province-level panel data for 2001-9, we investigate significant factors for the development of financial intermediation via trade credit in developing economies. First, we confirm that a competitive market environment, a well-functioning legal system, and greater bank loans for non-state-sector firms promote the development of trade credit in China. Conversely, corruption hinders its development. Second, we find that proper functioning of the legal system and bank lending to non-state-sector firms are highly likely to be the causes of the complex relationships between these determinants. Finally, we observe that an increase in the number of lawyers effectively improves the quality and function of the legal system, which, in turn, alleviates the harmful influence of corruption on trade credit development.     

学前教育经费投入水平的地区差异与成因——基于省级数据的实证分析

利用2002~2011年31个省、市、自治区的面板数据测算我国学前教育生均经费地区差异的基尼系数,并对其进行静态和动态分解。结果表明,学前教育三年行动计划的实施对促进学前教育的公平发展起到了一定的作用,但地区差异仍十分突显。根据地区学前教育投入水平差异的形成原因,应加大政府投入,强化教育公平,支持民间投资,完善贫困资助制度。     

利益冲突管理与中华传统廉洁文化的传承与创新

利益冲突管理作为现代社会道德管理的重要方式,是现代廉洁文化建设的重要成果。时代巨变要求建基于传统社会的中华传统廉洁文化与时俱进,发展、嬗变。当前对公职人员利益冲突管理等道德管理举措的开展,唤起对中华传统廉洁文化的传承与创新的需求。这种传承与创新涉及价值、工具与技术两个层面。在价值层面,需要将廉洁价值从传统社会之私德转变成现代社会之公德;在工具与技术层面,廉洁文化建设需要从注重自身修养到兼及制度建设与道德管理。     

国家审计在反腐败中的作用透视——以捷克为例

防范与揭露腐败,是国家审计义不容辞的责任,也是国家审计参与国家治理的重要途径。捷克最高审计署依法参与反腐败的经验与做法,在国有企业财务收支、政府采购合同和欧盟资金管理等方面的审计实践,尤其是针对腐败的预防提出的建设性的要求,可以为我国国家审计所借鉴。另外,捷克最高审计署为了提升自身的反腐败审计水平,在加大对员工信息化审计培训的同时,积极参与国际反腐败审计的合作,取得了一些成果。我国国家审计可以借鉴捷克最高审计署的反腐败审计经验,更好地参与国家治理。     

Economic uncertainty and corruption: evidence from a large cross-country data set

A vast amount of research has considered numerous causes and correlates of corruption. Also, there have been many studies of the consequences of various forms of uncertainty. However, exploration of the nexus between economic uncertainty and corruption appears scarce. After providing an intuitive and heuristic linkage between general economic uncertainty and corruption, this article uses a large cross-country data set to augment a fairly standard model with simple proxies for uncertainty and to investigate how economic uncertainty might affect the prevalence of corruption. In addition, a quantile-regression framework is used to judge how the strength of various covariates may differ with the level of corruption. Seven main points emerge from the estimates. First, economic uncertainty is associated positively with corruption, and the relation seems to be robust across measures of uncertainty and corruption. Second, quantile-regression estimates indicate considerable parametric heterogeneity across the distribution of corruption. Third, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita has the expected corruption-mitigating role. Fourth, increased political rights and civil liberties also appear to lower corruption. Fifth, greater government consumption is associated with lower corruption. Sixth, while the hyperinflation dummy lacks significance in most OLS regressions, its significance varies across the distribution of corruption. Seventh, neither police force nor government subsidies shows significance, but transition economies have more corruption.     

廉政制度科学化在反腐倡廉建设中的基础性作用

党的十七届四中全会通过了《中共中央关于加强和改进新形势下党的建设若干重大问题的决定》提出了“提高党的建设科学化水平”、“推进党的建设科学化、制度化、规范化”的重大命题和重要任务.廉政制度建设是反腐倡廉建设中的基本组成部分.反腐倡廉建设科学化最终要通过廉政建设制度化来落实,也是建设科学化的根本保证.廉政制度科学化在反腐倡...