Income inequality and educational expenditures on children: Evidence from the China Family Panel Studies

Using the data from the China Family Panel Studies from 2010 to 2018, we find that rising income inequality causes parents to spend more on children’s education, both in school and out of school. The impact of income inequality on out-of-school expenditures is significant at intensive and extensive margins, especially for study-related tutoring participation. Furthermore, we find some empirical evidence suggesting that in response to rising inequality, mothers spend more time on children’s education and there exists a substitution effect between time and money. Further analysis suggests two potential reasons for the rising education spending: (1) a higher income inequality resulting from rising skill premium strengthens parents’ long-lasting cultural attitude towards education to higher levels, inducing them to spend more on educational investment, and (2) a higher income inequality increases the value of higher education, leading to a stronger demand for better educational opportunities, and then, more intense education competition, forcing parents to invest more in education.     

国家审计在反腐败中的作用透视——以捷克为例

防范与揭露腐败，是国家审计义不容辞的责任，也是国家审计参与国家治理的重要途径。捷克最高审计署依法参与反腐败的经验与做法，在国有企业财务收支、政府采购合同和欧盟资金管理等方面的审计实践，尤其是针对腐败的预防提出的建设性的要求，可以为我国国家审计所借鉴。另外，捷克最高审计署为了提升自身的反腐败审计水平，在加大对员工信息化审计培训的同时，积极参与国际反腐败审计的合作，取得了一些成果。我国国家审计可以借鉴捷克最高审计署的反腐败审计经验，更好地参与国家治理。