Environmental standards as barriers to trade

This paper examines the case of a good, polluting in consumption, whose pollutive content is restricted by a government with strong environmental policies. When foreign producers are unable to comply with the restrictive environmental standard of such a country, to which they wish to export, they often allege that those standards constitute illegal barriers to free trade. An example of such a good is gasoline, excessively pollutive formulations of which are prohibited from importation into the United States by the 1970 Clean Air Act. Rather than banning them, such imports should be taxed, along with the domestically produced substitute good, according to their respective pollutant contents. This would foster economic efficiency and should be more acceptable to foreign producers than the outright prohibition mandated by the Clean Air Act. The results of this paper reaffirm the argument in a previous article in this journal (Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 29 (1995) 187), though the countries’ roles in the two papers are reversed, that free trade and Pigouvian environmental policies increase international welfare.     

The housing question in Japan

This article first examines how bad housing conditions are in Japan based on international comparisons. The next question is whether the extremely high land prices in Japan can be explained by economic logic. We then turn to more specific housing policy questions that are peculiar to or important in Japan, such as the tax advantages of owning land that have caused under-utilization of land and the reasons why the average size of Japanese rental housing is so small.     

Infrastructure provision and international market share rivalry

The paper examines a model of strategic infrastructure investment. Two oligopolistic firms compete on home and foreign product markets for market shares. The national governments support the firms in the market rivalry by providing cost reducing public infrastructure services that are financed out of taxing an input used in the production process. It is shown, that infrastructure policy can be used as an instrument for strategic trade policy. However, governments are facing the problem of balancing the burden of taxation and the benefits of infrastructures. The theoretical model also raises some critical issues with respect to the policy relevance of recent empirical infrastructure research.     

城市化进程中的产业政策选择

当前我国已进入城市化加速阶段,促进城市化水平的提高应成为制定产业政策的重要出发点.从各产业的比较劳动生产率、国际竞争力和就业吸纳能力等方面入手进行分析,筛选出了若干发展潜力大、就业吸纳能力强的行业;并指出这些行业在我国未来的城市化进程中将起到至关重要的作用,应制定相应的政策加以重点扶持.     

基于国防工业市场形成有效竞争的政策思考

竞争是市场经济得以维持和运转不可或缺的重要因素,是改进商品生产最有效的激励机制,没有竞争就没有市场经济。国防工业作为国家的战略产业,引入竞争已成为大势所趋。正是基于国防工业引入竞争的需要及我国国防工业市场的现状,本文研究了政府促成国防工业推行有效竞争应采取的政策     

两级供应链中的利益分配

供应链中的利益分配问题是理论界和企业界都十分关注的问题,它关系到供应链联盟的稳定性,关系到企业之间利润分配的公平性。本文介绍了合作对策的一些基本概念;Shapley值求解合作对策的基本原理和公式,以及应用Shapley值方法求解两级供应链中的利益分配问题。     

退货管理系统设计

对退货管理的研究发展历程、重要性及其在特定行业中的应用作了介绍,并给出了退货管理政策设计和网络设计的主要内容。最后分析了国内行业中的退货现状并给出建议。     

服务贸易发展的宏观政策战略转变分析

顺应全球产业结构的发展变化趋势,做好中国服务贸易发展的战略准备。作者提出了中国宏观经济发展思路和宏观经济发展政策的八个战略转变建议及具有针对性的有关中国服务贸易发展的五大产业政策转变对策。     

货物库存控制策略的评价方法研究

针对目前库存控制策略较多的情况,提出了一种策略评价方法,并给出了评价方法的评价过程。对该方法进行计算机编程仿真,能够获得最优库存控制策略。     

上市公司资本结构微观决定因素分析

我国上市公司资本结构的突出特点是偏好股权资本,内源融资和债权融资的比重偏低,这有悖于经典的资本结构理论。本文分析了决定上市公司资本结构的微观因素,并提出了优化上市公司资本结构的建议。