Post-disaster tourism: building resilience through community-led approaches in the aftermath of the 2011 disasters in Japan

Abstract

Post-disaster tourism is often perceived as a form of Dark Tourism associated with death, loss and destruction. In Japan, the term Dark Tourism has gained prominence following the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. This paper focuses on a community-led approach to post-disaster tourism development, initiated in the coastal area of Minamisanriku and labelled by the locals Blue Tourism. From its inception Blue Tourism incorporated non-dark activities which concentrated on the beauty of nature, social and environmental sustainability and the development of an enriched tourist experience. Its co-creational ethos helped transform some of the negative narratives of loss associated with Dark Tourism into positive accounts of communal renewal and hope. The paper highlights the limitations of Dark Tourism to post-disaster recovery and contributes new insights to the community-based tourism literature. We argue that Blue Tourism is not a type of Dark Tourism but a form of resilience which builds around local place-based practices and traditional community knowledge. Consequently, it is capable of achieving sustainable disaster recovery and tourist satisfaction simultaneously.     

长春北湖国家湿地公园湿地特征及修复策略

长春北湖国家湿地公园作为功能复合的城市湿地公园,是以保护湿地生态系统、注重生态修复、合理利用湿地资源为基石。阐述了湿地公园概况,分析了湿地资源类型、面积及其成因和演替过程,以及湿地存在的主要问题,提出了湿地的修复策略。     

电刷镀在模具修复中的应用

电刷镀是利用电化学沉积的新型电镀方法，可显著提高模具的性能和使用寿命。为此介绍了其工作原理和工艺过程，并给出了在模具修复中应用的实例和运用效果。     

公民有效参与灾后恢复重建:以汶川震后恢复重建为例——兼及托马斯"有效决策模型"的应用

灾后恢复重建工作法治化、民主化是《汶川地震灾后恢复重建条例》的一个亮点,也是中国自然灾害后恢复重建模式彻底转变的标志。公民参与有利于提高灾后恢复重建效率,有利于提升公众的满意度,有利于对政府工作的监督,还有利于灾后社会秩序的恢复与发展。必须立足现实,探索有效的公民参与机制,避免非制度化无序的公民参与所带来的消极影响,建构一个政府与社会良性互动的合作机制,调动一切力量实现灾后恢复重建的目标。     

Use of system dynamics modelling in design of an environmental restoration banking institution

This paper describes a system dynamics model developed to inform design of a proposed environmental restoration banking system. The purpose of the proposed system is to facilitate restoration of extensive areas of mangrove forests that have been cleared or damaged in large part by expansion of the commercial shrimp farming industry. A case study is developed for mangrove restoration in Thailand; however, the model is seen as applicable to a number of countries which have experienced severe mangrove loss. The scheme is based on environmental mitigation banking principles, in which users of an environmental resource are required to purchase from a mitigation bank credits representing restorations undertaken to compensate for environmental damage, thereby achieving “no net loss” of the environmental asset. The scheme proposed in this paper differs from usual mitigation banking practise in that the objective is to restore large degraded areas over and above present rates of consumption. Model simulations show that the restoration banking system may be effective in restoring coastal mangroves and in rehabilitating the coastal shrimp farming industry that is dependent on environmental services provided by the mangrove stock.     

Habitat preservation and restoration: Do homebuyers have preferences for quality habitat?

This research examines homebuyers' preferences for nearby riparian habitat, an important issue because quality riparian habitat competes for water resources with other activities in semi-arid regions and because federal and local governments allocate significant resources to riparian habitat preservation and restoration plans. Riparian vegetation surveys comprising comprehensive measures of the ecological characteristics of riparian habitat were completed in the metropolitan Tucson study area and the data incorporated into a hedonic analysis of single family residential house prices. The results indicate that high quality riparian habitat adds value to nearby homes and that instead of indiscriminately valuing “green” open space, nearby homebuyers distinguish between biologically significant riparian vegetation characteristics. This research also suggests that it is worthwhile to account for the heterogeneity of natural amenities in hedonic analysis. Furthermore the results suggest that riparian preservation and restoration programs are more likely to receive public support if they incorporate features that are preferred by nearby homeowners. Our study's results show that household preferences for existing riparian habitat match features of the ecologically-functional riparian habitat envisaged in a recently funded joint federal-city urban riparian restoration project in Tucson, Arizona.     

灾后规划与产权重建

城市规划在灾后重建中对于工程技术的关注,很容易掩盖城市灾后重建中看不见的制度因素--产权.城市最基本的制度"原型",就是公共产品交易的存在.城市"发达"与否,取决于公共产品提供的范围和水平.现代城市和传统城市的最大差别,就是可以以信用的方式,抵押未来的收益,获得公共产品建设所需要的原始资本.市场经济与计划经济最大的差别,就在于高度复杂的产权制度.因此,未来灾区规划中,产权的恢复和重建,应当作为一个核心的目标:(1)政府兑现所有震前的公共产品及服务的基础设施,恢复所有人的产权;(2)私人依靠自己的力量和社会帮助,恢复损失的个人财产;(3)在明晰产权的基础上重建政府与私人,私人与私人之间的交易关系.如果此次恢复重建是利用市场的途径,特别是社会信用体系实现的,现代城市制度就会在灾区城市生根,而这将是留给灾区社会经济的最大财富.     

The Fall and Rise of Keynesian Fiscal Policy

This paper reviews the recent evolution of thinking and evidence regarding the effectiveness of activist fiscal policy, including how policy multipliers might vary with respect to economic conditions. Like many other countries that were hit by the “Great Recession,” the USA responded initially with active fiscal policy measures. But a more positive view of fiscal intervention appears to have developed earlier in the decade, and estimated decision rules confirm that there was an increase in policy activism. While this positive view has been tested by the unclear effects of fiscal policy during the Great Recession, recent evidence does suggest that fiscal policy may be especially effective in recession. Fiscal policy activism has also been tempered by recent concerns about growing government debt, a development which potentially might also undercut the effectiveness of expansionary fiscal policy.     

浅谈现阶段我国企业伦理与企业核心竞争力的再造

企业伦理是企业核心竞争力的最初发源地和最本质要素,随着我国社会主义市场经济的不断完善,企业的竞争日趋激烈,企业要生存和发展,惟有建立自己的核心竞争力。而企业伦理对外显示出的对于核心竞争力要素——技术创新力、市场营销力、高效率的制度力和优秀的文化力的重大再造作用,使企业伦理成为企业提升核心竞争力的关键环节。     

Facilitating collaboration in forest management: Assessing the benefits of collaborative policy innovations

Collaborative governance and landscape approaches have become a more prevalent in public land management in the United States in the face of increasing ecological and societal complexity and decreasing government resources and capacity. In this era of devolution and social-ecological change, there is a growing need for policy approaches that facilitate partnerships and participatory approaches to land management. One unique policy that emphasizes collaboration and large-landscape restoration on US federal forestlands is the Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program (CFLRP), established in 2009 to accelerate the pace and scale of forest restoration. The policy included novel characteristics such as a decade-long commitment to landscapes and formal requirements for collaboration. This program presented an opportunity to assess how this policy affected collaboration and the factors that led to differential policy implementation. We conducted 89 interviews across all 23 CFLRP projects with internal agency staff and external collaborators on each project. We found that the CFLRP generated a variety of benefits related to collaboration, including increased trust and stronger relationships, increased collaborative partner influence, decreased litigation and conflict, and increased capacity to accomplish work; however, there were also challenges associated with the program, including thetime-intensive nature of collaboration and the lack of industry or contractors. Various local factors affected collaborative outcomes under the policy, including staff turnover and capacity, local leadership, and collaborative history. Successful collaborative outcomes were widespread under the CFLRP, and from this, we draw implications for the broader environmental governance literature about the policy characteristics that facilitate collaboration and the other institutional variables that may require attention in this context.