浅析中职教育实践性教学强化训练的重要性

文章阐述了强化训练对学生“双证”毕业乃至就业的重要性，从指导老师的角度提出如何才能带好实践性教学——强化训练。     

DEPTH2: developing professional knowledge in D&T secondary initial teacher education

There are various aspects to teachers’ professional knowledge, some such as subject knowledge are more easy to articulate than others, for example knowing how to construct a scheme of work. Student teachers need to be able to understand the various aspects of teachers’ professional knowledge in order to be able to help themselves reflect on and develop these various aspects. This research builds on earlier work conducted with design and technology colleagues in a number of different countries and teacher training institutions (see Banks et al., International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 14, 141–157, 2004). Leach and Banks, together with other colleagues, developed a visual tool for discussing the aspects of professional knowledge that student teachers are required to develop and this formed the basis of this research (Leach and Banks, Investigating the developing ‘Teacher Professional Knowledge’ of student teachers, 1996). The research was carried out with a cohort of 1-year Post Graduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) students on a conventional face-to-face programme. There were 11 in the group with six male and five female and the majority were aged under 25; this is atypical of this course both for gender and age, but this constituted the 2004–2005 intake. There were three data collection points: September 2004, on their first day of their course; January 2005 following their first school placement and June 2005 at the end of the course. The findings indicate the students’ development across the PGCE course in each of the areas relating to knowledge of subject, pedagogy and school. In each area there is a growth in their knowledge and a development in the complexity of their understanding. The students’ knowledge developed from a generalised understanding to a more specific and sophisticated one. It is hoped to be able to continue this research during the induction year of each successful student.     

新型二次雷达多媒体演示系统的开发制作

<正> 亚洲——太平洋经济合作组织(APEC)自成立以来,在许多领域取得了积极的合作成果。本文仅就APEC的金融一体化和金融合作略提管见。     

建立海峡两岸次级自由贸易区的法律问题

世贸组织架构下的自由贸易区在理论上有一般意义上的自由贸易区及次级自由贸易区之分,海峡两岸次级自由贸易区在性质上显然属于后者。目前,建立一般意义上的自由贸易区的法律依据不仅充分而且成熟,建立次级自由贸易区的合法性问题则存在较大争议。但这并不意味着海峡两岸次级自由贸易区完全不可行,可考虑在“先易后难”的原则下,逐步构建海峡两岸次级自由贸易区的法律框架。     

美国预约定价的新发展

自1991年开启预约定价以来,美国国税局不断更新自己的预约定价税收程序,最终形成2004-40税收程序,为理论和实务界人士所看好.仅过两年,国税局又更新了2004-40税收程序,出台了2006-9税收程序.2006-9税收程序对美国十几年来预约定价的诸多理念进行了矫正,与纳税人息息相关.代表世界预约定价法发展趋势的美国2006-9税收程序对我国也有不小的冲击,我们应理性看待美国此次预约定价的革新运动,并着手我国预约定价立法和实践的改革.     

Extending Power and Sample Size Approaches Developed for McNemar's Procedure to General Sign Tests

Current software and textbooks present procedures to estimate power and sample size for sign tests that only apply to settings where positive (i.e., X = 1) or negative (i.e., X =−1), but not neutral (i.e., X = 0) outcomes occur. However, many studies analyzed by sign tests involve the more general setting where significant amounts of neutral outcomes can occur. This paper illustrates extension of existing power/sample size approaches and software that have been developed for matched binary responses (McNemar's discordant pairs) to general sign tests with neutral outcomes occurring. An application is made to a recent study that the author collaborated on.     

Cost per responder analysis in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism on dialysis treated with cinacalcet

Abstract

Background:

Growing financial pressure on US dialysis providers requires economic efficiency considerations. The objective of this study was to examine short-term economic efficiencies of a cinacalcet-based treatment approach for secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Methods:

This study retrospectively assessed cost per biochemical response of the OPTIMA trial. OPTIMA was conducted in end-stage renal disease patients to compare biochemical control in patients receiving cinacalcet in addition to vitamin D sterols and phosphate binders vs patients receiving vitamin D sterol and phosphate binders alone. It explored three laboratory measurement response definitions from baseline to week 23: (1) decreases in parathyroid hormone (PTH) ≥30%; (2) PTH?≤?300?pg/ml; and (3) PTH?≤?300?pg/mL, calcium <9.5?mg/dL and phosphorus <5.5?mg/dL. Medication use and costs were measured to calculate average costs and incremental cost per responder. Stratification by lower and higher baseline PTH assessed cost per response by disease severity.

Results:

There were 38–77% more responders with cinacalcet vs control, depending on response definition. Mean (SD) per patient total medication costs were $5423 ($3698) for cinacalcet and $2633 ($2334) for control, leading to a mean difference of $2790 over 23 weeks. When response was defined as a decrease in PTH?≥?30% from baseline, the average cost per responder was $11,266 for control vs $7027 for cinacalcet. The incremental cost per incremental responder ranged from $5186–$9168. Across all response measures, cost per responder was lower in patients with lower baseline PTH.

Conclusions:

Representing a more efficient allocation of economic resources over the short-term, cinacalcet-based treatment algorithm led to a lower cost per biochemical response, particularly in patients with lower disease severity, vs vitamin D sterols and phosphate binders alone. These findings should be interpreted alongside the study limitation of converting international trial-based medication utilization into US costs.     

分成制契约下产权制度安排分析

产权制度安排是现代经济学所研究的重点问题之一,不同的产权制度安排对企业的运营效率及整个社会的福利具有重要影响。本文运用委托代理的相关理论,对分成制下的产权制度安排进行了研究。通过对激励约束和参与约束的研究,分析了在分成制契约下产权制度的安排可能存在的问题。提出了在实行承包分成制的契约中,理性的公司不应为经理提供机器设备等工具;在分成制契约下最优的产权制度安排为由公司通过签订长期合同、具体规定设备处理方式及提高提成比率等方法降低经理的风险成本,提高经理的收益等激励措施来鼓励经理购买设备。     

Towards zero deforestation and forest restoration in the Amazon region of Maranhão state,Brazil

The Amazon forest in the state of Maranhão ensures ecosystem services that directly and indirectly affect the life quality of its population and economy, via hydrologic and climatic regulation, among other benefits. Currently, only 25% of the original forest cover (24.7 thousand km²) remains while illegal deforestation persists in a violent process that provokes visible social, economic and environmental harm. Simultaneously, Maranhão has seen record levels of burning, faces a water shortage and fights against the worst social and economic indicators in the country. Conversely, secondary vegetation covers 19.9 thousand km² (27% of deforested area) and is completely unprotected. Contrary to the international commitments assumed by Brazil to combat deforestation and restore forests, some of the political representatives of Maranhão have sought legal mechanisms to further diminish forest cover in public and private areas. To promote the conservation and restoration of Maranhão Amazon Forest, a multi-institutional network of researchers was established in 2015. This viewpoint paper aims to draw attention to this endangered region of the Brazilian Amazon and give science-oriented recommendations to policy makers in order to avoid more setbacks. We argue that Maranhão state must urgently establish a policy of Zero Deforestation, protect secondary forests and comply with the national forest restoration policy, thus ensuring long-term economic sustainability.     

The evolution of Internet interconnection from hierarchy to “Mesh”: Implications for government regulation

The Internet has evolved from a “hierarchy”—in which interconnection was achieved by having Internet Service Providers (ISPs) purchase transit services from top-level backbones and top-level backbone providers engage in direct settlement-free peering—to a “mesh” in which peering occurs among a much larger number of participants and some peering arrangements involve payments from one peer to another. In this new environment, backbone providers, ISPs, and suppliers of content have a far wider array of interconnection alternatives, both technical and financial, than they did only a short time ago. As is often the case, the introduction of new alternatives and contractual arrangements has led to calls to regulate which alternatives and arrangements are acceptable. In this paper, we explain why such regulation would be harmful, as it would (i) reduce the incentives of industry participants to minimize total costs; (ii) lead to higher access prices to end users; (iii) result in prices that do not adequately reflect costs; and (iv) create regulatory inefficiencies. We also explain why the alternative interconnection arrangements to which Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) (and their content provider clients) and ISPs generally have access already impose limits on the exercise of market power, thus obviating any need for regulation.