进口需求、市场准入与我国农产品的贸易逆差

我国加入世贸组织以来,于2003-2004年间出现了农产品的贸易逆差,本文分析了农产品贸易逆差的构成及其产生原因。大豆、棉花、食用油等是我国农产品贸易逆差的主要构成产品,这些农产品进口价格和进口数量都出现了增长,而相关产业的发展导致这些农产品进口需求猛增,致使农产品贸易逆差不断扩大。另外,我国农产品关税的大幅削减以及配额管制农产品市场准入机会的扩大,也是农产品贸易逆差进一步拉大的一个重要原因。     

美国对华贸易技术壁垒的政治经济学分析

技术贸易壁垒已成为中美贸易摩擦的最主要原因之一。本文拓展了格罗斯曼和海普曼的关税模型,对美国对华贸易技术壁垒进行政治经济学分析,指出贸易技术壁垒是美国政府与相关利益集团博弈的结果,其存在具有必然性和长期性,进而提出对我国政府、企业、行业协会的政策建议。     

On necessarily welfare-enhancing free trade areas

The well-known Kemp-Vanek-Ohyama-Wan proposition establishes that if two or more countries form a customs union (CU) by freezing their net external trade vector through a common external tariff and eliminating internal trade barriers, the union as a whole and the rest of the world cannot be worse off than before. Owing to the fact that a Free Trade Area (whose member countries impose country specific external tariff vectors) does not equalize marginal rates of substitution across its member countries (in contrast to a CU), the literature has been unable to provide a parallel demonstration regarding welfare improving Free Trade Areas (FTAs). The present paper eliminates this gap. In extending the result to the case with intermediate inputs, the paper also sheds new light on the rules of origin required to support such necessarily welfare enhancing FTAs. We show here that provided no trade deflection is permitted, all that is required by way of rules of origin is that the goods produced within the union - whether final or intermediate - be allowed to be traded freely. The proportion of domestic value added in final goods does not enter as a criterion in the rules of origin.     

大国最优出口关税的计算--对现有文献中一个臆断的更正

在目前的国际贸易理论文献中，普遍有大国最优进口关税的计算公式及其证明，但却很少有大国最优出口关税的计算公式。在偶见载有大国最优出口关税的文献中，大国最优出口关税的计算公式却是根据大国最优进口关税公式推断出来的，没有经过严格的证明。本文根据通常的线性供给、需求函数假设，应用局部均衡方法，证明了大国最优出口关税的计算公式。本文的结果表明，现有文献中根据对称方法推断出来的大国最优出口关税公式是错误的。     

Cost efficient pesticide reductions: A study of Sweden

The minimum cost for reducing the farmers' use of pesticides is calculated. The measures include are; (i) a decrease in use of inputs, (ii) an improvement of the insurance system, and (iii) application of an ecotechnology where 5–10 meters along the borders of the fields are left untreated with pesticides. The cost of reducing the use of pesticides is measured by means of pesticide demand functions and the cost for improving an insurance system is measured as the risk premium. The empirical results indicate that the minimum cost for reducing the use of pesticides by 50% in Sweden corresponds to about 6 per cent of farmers' incomes from crop production. A simple comparison of policy instruments shows that the cost of a quota system is about 40 per cent higher than the costs of the charge and permit market systems. The farmers' decreases in incomes under a charge system are twice as high as under the other two policy instruments. The results are, however, sensitive to the levels of the pesticide price elasticities.     

供给侧结构性减税降费的思考

根据新供给经济学的观点,刺激经济发展最有效的手段是减税降费,因为减税降费不仅可以使企业降低成本、增加利润,进而扩大生产规模和投资科技创新领域,而且可以增加员工收入,提高员工积极性,使其更好地投入生产,这与供给侧结构性改革侧重于对生产者的激励不谋而合。中国经济进入新常态后,出现了如产业结构不合理、创新能力不强等问题,而需求侧宏观经济政策不能解决这些问题。基于此,论文就供给侧结构性减税降费进行了思考。     

International Versus National Actions Against Nitrogen Pollution of the Baltic Sea

Large nitrogen loads to the Baltic Sea play an important role for currentdamages caused by eutrophication: large sea bottom areas without anybiological life, low stocks of cods, and toxic blue green algae. In spite of therelatively large supply of biological and physical data on the sea,difficulties remain with respect to linking costs of nitrogen reductions withthe dispersion of associated benefits among countries. The purpose of thisstudy is therefore to analyse and calculate efficient nitrogen reductionsand associated net benefits under international co-ordination of nitrogenreductions and single country actions for two different specifications ofmarginal benefits: uniform and differentiated. Further, comparisons aremade with the current ministerial agreement of 50 per cent nitrogenreduction to the Baltic Sea. The empirical results show that total netbenefits under internationally co-ordinated actions are considerablyhigher than when countries act on their own. Another result is thatdifferentiated benefits give higher total net benefits than uniform, and alsoimply larger differences in net benefits among countries. However, resultsindicate that uniform marginal benefits generate net benefits for allcountries from co-ordinated actions as compared to single country actions.     

A micro-level insight on trade-induced job polarization and poverty in Russia

The effect of trade liberalization on workers with different skill levels at distinct types of firms is often surmised to be heterogeneous. This paper employs a longitudinal individual-level dataset—the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS)—to study the impact of trade liberalization on the relative poverty of various groups of workers in Russia. More specifically, we use the country’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a quasi-natural experiment to analyze the impact of trade liberalization on workers at different skill levels and types of firms. Our analysis reveals significant trade-induced job polarization, meaning that, in the tradable sector, even though employment and wages are increasing for low-wage and the high-wage occupations, they are shrinking for mid-wage occupations, leading to a higher poverty rate for workers seeking employment in mid-wage occupations in that sector. Our results are robust to a battery of robustness checks, and they point to the crucial role of state-owned enterprises in attenuating the adverse effects of trade shocks on the welfare of workers.     

Trade liberalization and markups: Micro evidence from China

This paper presents evidence from highly disaggregated Chinese firm-product data that, given productivity, input tariff reductions induce an incumbent importer/exporter to increase product markups. We further investigate empirically the mechanisms underlying this trade liberalization effect, and find that input tariff reductions decrease marginal costs, and their effects on markup adjustments are more profound among firms with higher import dependence. Moreover, we exploit unique features of Chinese data by comparing results for two trade regimes: ordinary trade (wherein firms pay import tariffs to import) and processing trade (wherein firms are not subject to import tariffs). While the aforementioned trade liberalization effects and mechanisms only apply to ordinary trade, processing trade samples are used in a placebo test. The paper also shows that more productive firms charge higher markups for products. All these findings are robust to alternative markup measures including one estimate using physical-quantity output data, different production function specifications, a subsample consisting only of pure exporters, and estimations based on our theoretical derivations.     

从“双增双节”看发电企业的成本领先战略

文章介绍发电企业面临的市场环境及中国大唐集团公司开展＂双增双节,盈利攻坚＂活动的积极意义,分析发电企业的产业趋势,阐述发电企业以经济效益为中心,实施成本领先战略的重要性及实施要点。