国内外间苯二酚合成技术现状与发展趋势

间苯二酚广泛应用于橡胶工业、木材粘合剂、塑料阻燃剂、UV光稳定剂和有机合成等领域，目前全球主要有苯磺化和间二异丙苯氧化法合成路线，除日本外，其他国家均采用传统的苯磺化法路线，重点介绍清洁工艺——间二异丙苯氧化法合成技术进展。在未来几年内全球间苯二酚生产能力将有一定过剩，分析现状并提出发展建议。     

油气管道环焊缝新型修复技术研究

为了寻求适应高钢级油气管道环焊缝缺陷的新型修复方法,克服传统修复技术的局限性,提出了电弧增材制造技术用于油气管道环焊缝修复的可行性。首先,对激光熔覆、冷喷涂、电弧增材制造3种新型修复技术进行对比分析后,采用电弧增材制造技术进行实验研究;其次,在X80管道环焊缝处沿轴线截取22 mm厚的试样,并在环焊缝处设计坡口角度为60°,坡口深度为11 mm的缺陷,采用电弧增材制造冷金属过渡工艺、ER50-6焊丝进行修复实验;最后,对修复试样进行力学实验测试,并对实验数据和断口形貌进行分析。实验结果表明,电弧增材制造修复后试件抗拉强度最高达639 MPa,强度与管体基材匹配。研究结果表明,电弧增材制造技术用于X80油气管道环焊缝缺陷的修复是可行的,具有沉积效率高、成本低、力学性能能满足修复要求的特点,对于高钢油气管道环焊缝缺陷修复的可行性和经济性具有重要的现实意义。     

Discrete-order admission ATP model with joint effect of margin and order size in a MTO environment

Swarming demands and seasonality periodically induce a stringent capacity problem in the made-to-order (MTO) B2B environment. Desirable order admission is a tactic with minimal application cost for handling this problem. A real-time order admission problem with limited major-customer population and batch-size demand with heterogeneous distributions is modeled as a dynamic and stochastic knapsack problem. The optimality of the Markovian deterministic reward-threshold policy is verified. Optimal policy, basic policy, and the capacity rationing method are compared in the designed experiment. The numerical results suggest great potential for increasing profit using the optimal order admission policy for MTO businesses.     

输送钢管的质量特性与驻厂监理的全过程控制

介绍了输送钢管的质量特点，提出了钢材及钢管质量控制方案和质量控制模式，将这种模式体现在输送铜管生产全过程质量控制和生产全过程驻厂监理实施中，保证了钢管质量和输送安全。     

石油化工工艺管道安装几个关键环节的质量控制

结合中国石油化工股份有限公司安庆分公司炼化一体化项目工艺管道安装实例,介绍了石油化工装置工艺管道安装质量控制要点以及以工序施工过程质量控制保证整体安装质量的措施。结果表明:由于采取材料验收、加工预制、组对焊接、无损检测等管道安装关键环节的质量控制措施,使该工程工艺管道安装一次合格率达到了96%以上。工艺管道系统经管道试压包程序进行强度及气密性联合试验,二者达到设计文件及规范要求,确保了装置开车一次成功。     

Facilitating public participation in tourism planning on American Indian reservations: A case study involving the Nominal Group Technique

Tourism is frequently cited as a tool by which American Indians can strengthen the economies of their reservations. However, successful tourism development on such reservations requires effective tourism planning, and effective tourism planning requires public participation in the planning process. The Nominal Group Technique (NGT) has proved to be a useful group process in the tourism field but its application to tourism planning on American Indian reservations has been unexplored. This article helps to fill this knowledge gap by reporting on an NGT workshop conducted on the Lake Traverse Reservation of the Sisseton–Wahpeton Oyate (people, nation) in North and South Dakota, USA. Rich information on tourism development possibilities for three lakefront properties was obtained. Possible success factors are discussed and suggestions for conducting similar future workshops on American Indian reservations are advanced.     

Conditions influencing the adoption of a soda tax for public health: Analysis of the French case (2005–2012)

Although over 40 jurisdictions have adopted a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) for public health worldwide, it is still debated in many places. Policy processes can influence the prospect of an SSB tax, its design and its public health benefits. To get an insight into such processes, we undertook a case study of the soda tax enacted in France on the 1^st of January 2012. Newspaper articles (2003–2013) and institutional documents (2007–2012) were identified using keywords and search engines. Qualitative data extraction and analyses were performed on a thematic and chronological basis, with guidance from Kingdon’s multiple streams theory (MST). Triangulation was enhanced by using complementary sources. This study shows that in August 2011, the French government surprisingly announced a €3.58 cent/L excise tax on SSBs, excluding juices with no added sugars and non-calorically sweetened beverages (NCSBs). As part of a large budgetary plan, the proposal aimed to reduce SSB consumption and raise revenue that was earmarked for health care. Several conditions contributed to opening a policy window: The announcement occurred in the context of severe budgetary deficits; soda tax scenarios had already been discussed at a high level; and the bill was supported by convinced political leaders. Subsequently, the tax successfully passed through the legislative process due to a series of unexpected events, but its public health rationale and design were weakened. The first event was the disorganised reaction by the food industry, despite their sharp opposition to the tax. The next event was the support of the soda tax that came from a majority of Deputies, provided that the revenues would serve another purpose: relieving wage costs in the farming sector. Finally, policy entrepreneurs favoured a compromise to make the tax politically acceptable and legally viable: The tax rate doubled, the scope was extended to NCSBs and revenues were split between health care and agriculture. This study sheds light on influence factors that could be taken into account by public health actors willing to influence soda tax policy processes.     

Investigating menu kilojoule labelling policy adoption from a political science perspective

Implementation of internationally recommended policy options for obesity prevention has generally been slow and inadequate globally, and, as such, it is important to understand barriers and enablers to policy action in the area. This study aimed to apply political science theories to understand influences on the adoption of Menu Kilojoule Labelling Legislation in Victoria, Australia over the period 2009–2017. Data collection included 13 in-depth semi-structured interviews with participants of the policy development and decision-making processes, analysis of 68 policy documents, and field note observations. Data were analysed using established political science theories: the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) and the Multiple Streams Theory (MST). There were numerous and interrelating factors that influenced the Menu Kilojoule Labelling Legislative policy processes. Barriers to policy reform included electoral turnover, a dominance of neoliberal ideology, and policy maker concerns regarding potential food industry backlash. Key enablers to eventual policy change included the accumulation of evidence on policy effectiveness and feasibility of implementation, increased recognition of the importance of tackling the issue, as well as reductions in political risks achieved, in part, through relatively long consultation and negotiation processes. Findings highlight several tactics that can be used to secure similar policy change in future, including generation, dissemination and translation of implementation evidence, effective mobilisation of supporters, and negotiation and consultation processes that can reduce the degree of opposition to proposed policies.     

The long overhang of bad decisions in agro-industrial development: Sugar and tomato paste in Ghana

In theory, learning from past mistakes should result in adapted and improved development policy. However policy learning can be difficult to achieve, and the link between learning and policy change is neither direct nor immediate. In this study we look at learning in agro-industrial policy in Ghana, by tracing the interest in sugar production and tomato processing over six decades. Specifically we ask why four failed factories established in the early 1960s have continued to play central roles in both policy and public discourse. Using policy documents, academic material, and the popular press, we show that Ghana’s policy focus on sugar production and tomato processing has endured, despite the fact that the factories were misconceived, poorly sited, ill-equipped and poorly managed. Indeed, the political ideas that underpinned the establishment of these factories in the early days of independence can be seen in the current One District, One Factory policy. We suggest that it is their symbolic and political value, not their economic value, which keeps the discussion around these factories alive. Even when shut down, they are a physical manifestation of historic commitments by the state, and as such they guarantee the attention of politicians, and hold out hope of a next re-launch. Unfortunately as long as the factories continue to be incorporated into each new generation of agro-industrial policy, it is difficult for any alternatives to gain traction. This analysis highlights the very long overhang of bad decisions, particularly when they are associated with physical infrastructure. Learning from past mistakes will only happen if the short-term political cost of turning policy learning into policy action can be overcome.