试论研究环境问题的三种理论框架

本文认为,对环境问题的理论研究大致分三种脉络:外部性与社会福利、公地的悲剧与环境产权、物质平衡模型与可持续发展规划。依据这三种理论框架,解决环境问题的对策措施需要同时从市场机制建设、人类社会发展目标确定与技术途径三个方面展开。     

OFDI逆向技术溢出能够改善中国能源效率吗

从理论和实证两个层面考察了OFDI逆向技术溢出对中国能源效率的影响。采用2002—2016年中国30个(非全部)省(直辖市、自治区)的面板数据，运用DEA博弈交叉效率模型测算了碳排放约束下各省(直辖市、自治区)能源效率的现状。选取技术进步、产业结构等7类控制变量，采用动态面板GMM方法分析了OFDI逆向技术溢出与区域能源效率之间的动态关系。研究表明：OFDI逆向技术溢出对区域能源效率具有显著的正向促进作用，其每增加1%，将带来能源效率0.0613%的提升；在其他控制变量中，技术进步、产业结构优化、能源结构优化、外商直接投资对能源效率具有正向促进作用，城镇化水平对能源效率具有负向抑制作用，人力资本水平与对外开放度对能源效率具有正向促进作用，但不显著。以上发现为“一带一路”背景下区域节能减排政策的制定提供了经验证据。     

Integrating ecosystem services into conservation assessments: A review

A call has been made for conservation planners to include ecosystem services into their assessments of conservation priority areas. The need to develop an integrated approach to meeting different conservation objectives and a shift in focus towards human wellbeing are some of the motivations behind this call. There is currently no widely accepted approach to planning for ecosystem services. This study contributes towards the development of this approach through a review of conservation assessments and the extent to which they include ecosystem services. Of the 476 conservation assessments identified by a set of search terms on the Web of Science, 100 were randomly selected for this review. Of these only seven had included ecosystem services, while another 13 had referred to ecosystem services as a rationale for conservation without including them in the assessment. The majority of assessments were based on biodiversity pattern data while 19 used data on ecological processes. A total of 11 of these 19 assessments used processes, which could be linked to services. Ecosystem services have witnessed an increase in attention received in conservation assessments since the year 2000, however trends were not apparent beyond this date. In order to assess which types of ecosystem services and how they have been accounted for in conservation assessments, we extended our review to include an additional nine conservation assessments which included ecosystem services. The majority included cultural ecosystem services, followed by regulatory, provisioning and supporting services respectively. We conclude with an analysis of the constraints and opportunities for the integration of ecosystem services into conservation assessments and highlight the urgent need for an appropriate framework for planning for ecosystem services.     

Theory and practice of monetary policy

Summary. We consider an optimally managed renewable resource with stochastic non-concave growth function. We characterize the conditions under which the optimal policy leads to global extinction, global conservation and the existence of a safe standard of conservation. Our conditions are specified in terms of the economic and ecological primitives of the model: the biological growth function, the welfare function, the distribution of shocks and the discount rate. Our results indicate that, unlike deterministic models, extinction and conservation in stochastic models are not determined by a simple comparison of the growth rate and the discount rate; the welfare function plays an important role.Received: 20 October 2004, Revised: 28 February 2005, JEL Classification Numbers: D90, O11, O41, Q32.Santanu Roy: Correspondence toResearch on this paper was completed when the second author visited Cornell University in July, 2003. We thank the Center for Analytic Economics and the Department of Economics at Cornell University for making this research visit possible. The current version has gained considerably from the comments made by an anonymous referee.     

Does Increased Extraction of Natural Gas Reduce Carbon Emissions?

Without an international climate agreement, extraction of more natural gas could reduce emissions of CO₂ as more clean natural gas may drive out dirty coal and oil. Using a computable equilibrium model for the Western European electricity and natural gas markets, we examine whether increased extraction of natural gas in Norway reduces global emissions of CO₂. We find that both in the short run and in the long run total emissions are reduced if the additional quantity of natural gas is used in gas power production in Norway. If instead the additional quantity is exported directly, total emissions increase both in the short run and in the long run. However, if modest CO₂-taxes are imposed, increased extraction of natural gas will reduce CO₂ emissions also when the additional natural gas is exported directed.earlier version of this paper was presented at the 25th Annual IAEE International Conference in Aberdeen June 2002.     

水运交通节能效益评估

本文核算了1985～2000年我国内河水路货运交通的节能量,以及由此减排的主要大气污染物量。并通过合适的环境经济方法将节能物理量转化为货币量。结果表明:(1)相对于1980年我国水运能耗水平,1985～2000年我国水路货运业每年直接节约油品6200～9200吨,折合货币量1900万～2800万元;(2)若相对于汽车运输,我国水运每年直接节约油品9万～12万吨,折合2.5亿～3.2亿元。若从开源系统考虑,万元节约油品、减排污染物以及由此获得的经济收益量是其直接值的1.17～1.09倍。     

面向现代化大学建筑的空调系统节能技术

建筑节能一直都是世界各国所关注的焦点问题之一。在整个建筑系统中，空调系统的能耗尤为突出，约占整个建筑能耗的35％以上，因此研究空调系统的节能方案具有重要的社会意义和巨大的经济效益。通过对浙江大学紫金港校区现有空调系统设计、运行的调查分析，针对大学校园建筑的特点，就空调系统中节能技术推广和运用等问题进行了讨论。     

太阳能光伏产业可持续发展理论研究思考

从太阳能光伏产业发展出发,结合产业组织理论与可持续发展理论,提出太阳能光伏产业可持续发展理论研究体系,包括太阳能光伏产业可持续发展的基本内涵、资源配置、理论模式、运行机制等;我国太阳能光伏产业发展的物质基础、技术基础、现状、障碍及风险预测预警机制;从核心竞争力、核心技术研发及全球化等方面实现我国太阳能光伏产业可持续发展战略路径选择。太阳能光伏产业可持续发展理论的研究,对深化再生能源健康发展、规范可再生能源市场、保障能源安全、丰富产业经济学与能源经济学具有重要的理论与实践价值。     

农村居民点整理潜力内涵与评价指标体系

定量地反映和衡量通过农村居民点整理挖掘其利用上潜力的大小,可以为土地整理专项规划、农村居民点整理项目设计提供科学依据。文章在分析农村居民点整理潜力内涵及其来源的基础上,将其分为自然和现实转化两类潜力。其中自然潜力评价指标从农村居民点整理扩展可利用空间、改善农村生存条件两方面选取,现实转化潜力评价指标则从区位、社会经济发展状况、农村建房周期、后备资源状况等方面选取。同时在界定各指标内涵的基础上采用适宜的方法实现了指标的定量化。     

Can innovation shocks determine CO2 emissions (CO2e) in the OECD economies? A new perspective

ABSTRACT

This study has attempted to address prior knowledge gaps in the environmental economics literature by integrating the innovation shocks into the Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) equation for twenty-six OECD economies using data from 1990 to 2014. Foreign direct investment (FDI), exports (EXP), renewable energy consumption (REC), and GDP per capita were included as control variables. The results from multiple empirical analyses indicated that positive shocks to innovation improve, but the negative shocks disrupt environmental quality. Data analyses also showed that a positive correlation exists between income per capita of OECD economies. From the negative coefficient of income per capita (squared) and the existence of a negative nexus between FDI and CO2e, both the EKC and the Pollution Halo Hypothesis (PHH) were confirmed in sampled economies, respectively. The paper offers empirical support for the favourable impacts of REC on the quality of the environment and calls for the adoption of innovation shocks as a policy instrument to formulate better environmental policies for a sustainable future.