RESPONSIBILITY AND CAPABILITY

This paper explores the issue of responsibility and links it to the concept of capability. The paper begins by looking at what it means to be responsible and connects this to the now common distinction in public policy between blame and task. It is argued that responsibility should be internalised rather than externalised and placed in the hands of the state. This can be done through the extension of property rights and so the paper offers a brief justification for the link between responsibility and property rights. The final part of the paper considers the ideas of capability and competence and uses these to argue for the placing of personal responsibility at the heart of public policy.     

发展研究的发展趋势和理论任务

目前国内外发展理论中出现了发展研究的大众普及化、生态学化、哲学化、东方化、马克思化和意识形态化等新趋势。据此 ,本文提出发展理论研究的根本任务是 :建立跨世纪跨学科的发展科学 ;思考和建构具有中国特色的社会发展理论体系。     

教师如何有效实施螺旋式项目教学法

在计算机专业的一些实践性很强的技能型课程中,采用新的螺旋式项目教学法,根据课程应用性的特点,以及职业能力的需求,在宏观的课程上的拓展,微观课堂上递进驱动教学法将理论教学与实践教学有机结合,实践教学效果很明显。但是新的教学方法对教师的工作任务有了新得标准,如何处理知识点的衔接,实现螺旋式上升势态,教学过程中如何把握知识点的内在联系,加强知识的层次性,最终实现知识点层层梯进,逐步深入。     

A direct comparison of physical block occupancy versus timed block occupancy in train timetabling formulations

Two fundamental mathematical formulations for railway timetabling are compared on a common set of sample problems, representing both multiple track high density services in Europe and single track bidirectional operations in North America. One formulation, ACP, enforces against conflicts by constraining time intervals between trains, while the other formulation, RCHF, monitors physical occupation of controlled track segments. The results demonstrate that both ACP and RCHF return comparable solutions in the aggregate, with some significant differences in select instances, and a pattern of significant differences in performance and constraint enforcement overall.     

The Fear of Exclusion: Individual Effort when Group Formation is Endogenous*

To secure their membership in a popular group, individuals may contribute more to the group's local public good than they would if group formation were exogenous. Those in the most unpopular group do not have this incentive to contribute. This may result in substantial differences in individual effort level between groups. Our model thus provides one explanation for the existence of group‐specific behavioral norms. A principal will prefer exogenous or endogenous group formation depending on whether he prefers high or low levels of the local public good. We analyze two stylized examples: social interaction in schools, and multiple‐task teamwork.     

A Formal Study of Distributed Meeting Scheduling

Automating routine organizational tasks, such as meeting scheduling, requires a careful balance between the individual (respecting his or her privacy and personal preferences) and the organization (making efficient use of time and other resources). We argue that meeting scheduling is an inherently distributed process, and that negotiating over meetings can be viewed as a distributed search process. Keeping the process tractable requires introducing heuristics to guide distributed schedulers' decisions about what information to exchange and whether or not to propose the same tentative time for several meetings. While we have intuitions about how such heuristics could affect scheduling performance and efficiency, verifying these intuitions requires a more formal model of the meeting schedule problem and process. We present our preliminary work toward this goal, as well as experimental results that validate some of the predictions of our formal model. We also investigate scheduling in overconstrained situations, namely, scheduling of high priority meetings at short notice, which requires cancellation and rescheduling of previously scheduled meetings. Our model provides a springboard into deeper investigations of important issues in distributed artificial intelligence as well, and we outline our ongoing work in this direction.     

运输车辆调度优化的研究和实现

通过对车辆调度问题进行数学分析,提出了简单实用的车辆调度算法,为实现计算机半智能执行调度任务,设计了车辆的分配及优化方案。对物流配送企业实现计算机配送调度,降低成本和提高物流经营管理水平具有一定的参考价值。     

跨区域能源调度与经济增长关系研究--来自西气东输工程的证据

自2002年以来,中国陆续实施了西气东输工程一、二、三线工程的建设,这可以看作是国家在跨区域能源调度方面进行的一次自然实验。本文构造1999～2011年西气东输工程沿线经过城市和未经过城市的面板数据,采用双重差分法对西气东输工程的实施影响沿线地区经济增长的效果进行验证。结果表明,这一工程的实施显著地促进了沿线城市的经济增长,相比未经过的城市,西气东输工程将沿线城市的经济增长速度提高了约2畅1个百分点。国家在调节区域均衡发展时,需要进一步挖掘重大跨区域资源调度项目的经济辐射带动作用。     

指派问题的改进算法

指派问题是管理技术中的重要内容,指派问题的经典算法就是经典的匈牙利法。针对匈牙利法在处理有诸多指派问题的模型不能进行有效求解的情形,本文提出了匈牙利法的改进算法,并应用改进算法在人员任务分派等实例中进行了有效的求解,得到了优化分配的方案,说明模型算法的有效性和实用性。     

港口物流系统的调度仿真研究

港口调度是港口生产组织的关键问题,调度方案的好坏直接决定了港口作业的效率,本文首先对集装箱港口物流系统的结构、控制需求等进行了分析,然后提出了应用AutoModV10.0仿真软件,构建具有离散性、随机性特征的港口物流系统模型的方法。