对马克思劳动价值论的再认识

深化对马克思劳动价值理论的认识应结合发生了重大变化的时代条件,全面认识价值创造主体、创造价 值的活劳动的范围以及劳动价值论中的工资组成等问题,并相应调整我国现阶段的工资政策。     

Efficiency wages,wage comparison,and public sector budgeting

We develop a government decision model where efficiency wage mechanisms affect the allocation of resources between different public services. We show how the introduction of interdepartment wage relativities modifies the standard Solow wage setting conditions. We compare the outcome under centralised and decentralised wage setting, and show that a decentralised wage setting system creates a distortion. Finally, we discuss the possibility of elimination this distortion using alternative financing systems.Final version: 08 April 2003JEL Classification: H23, J45We are grateful to Jan E. Askildsen, Daniel L. Rubinfeld, Agnar Sandmo, participants at conferences and seminars in Trondheim, Uppsala and Åsgårdstrand, and several anonymous referees for helpful comments. The second author is grateful to The Norwegian Research Council for financial support. The usual disclaimer applies.     

Rapid housing privatization in reforming economies: Pay the special dividend now

State ownership and operation of the housing stock in the previously centrally planned economies severely distorts housing markets, stifles labor mobility, and produces operating losses that exacerbate fiscal deficits. The conventional wisdom regarding structural reform is to gradually increase administered rents, thereby reducing deficits. Housing sales, where they occur, are primarily motivated to generate revenue to cover deficits in current operating budgets. We argue that the perceived benefits to a prolonged transition are illusory and the social costs are high.Housing will be affordable only if the population's current ownership of the existing housing stock is recognized and dividends on it are paid out. The payment can be a regular dividend (e.g., housing allowances) or a one-time special dividend (e.g., ownership vouchers). The latter is preferable.     

Experience Rating versus Employment Protection Laws in a Model where Firms Monitor Workers*

While layoff costs in the U.S. are mostly due to experience‐rated unemployment insurance, layoff costs in European labour markets are primarily a consequence of employment protection laws. In this paper we compare the effects of experience rating and employment protection laws on employment and welfare in a model where unemployment arises due to efficiency wage setting and where labour turnover is inefficiently high. We show that a revenue‐neutral introduction of experience rating reduces labour turnover and increases employment and welfare. The introduction of employment protection laws may also reduce labour turnover but employment declines.     

Earning functions in Portugal 1982–1994: Evidence from quantile regressions

This paper uses quantile regressions to describe the conditional wage distribution in Portugal and its evolution over the 1980s as well as the implications for increased wage inequality. We find that, although returns to schooling are positive at all quantiles, education is relatively more valued for highly paid jobs. Consequently, schooling has a positive impact on wage inequality. Moreover, this tendency has sharpened over the period. We also find that most of the estimated change in wage inequality was due to changes in the distribution of the worker's attributes, rather than to increased inequality within a particular type of worker. this version: January 2000     

拉美国家工业化发展模式、就业与工资水平

工资不仅仅是劳动者劳动所得这样一个简单、孤立的问题,也是一个与经济发展、社会结构变迁有着密切联系的复杂问题。本文通过对拉美国家工业化发展模式、就业与工资水平的关系的分析,揭示了工资对拉美国家经济发展的作用、工资水平的决定过程及其一般特点。     

中国企业利润侵蚀工资问题研究

20世纪90年代中期以来,中国企业利润侵蚀工资问题日益突出。这种侵蚀引起分配结构显著变化,收入与贡献逆向偏离。不同行业和企业利润对工资的侵蚀程度有差异,批发零售和餐饮住宿业的侵蚀程度最高,其次是工业和建筑业。有些企业在利润侵蚀普通劳动者工资的同时发生高层管理者薪金侵蚀利润的现象。利润侵蚀工资具有多方面的原因,短期内难以完全消除。但是采取有效对策来缩小侵蚀面和降低侵蚀程度是完全可能的。     

Fiscal consolidation under imperfect credibility

This paper examines the effects of expenditure-based fiscal consolidation when credibility as to whether the cuts will be long-lasting is imperfect. We contrast the impact limited credibility has when the consolidating country has the means to tailor monetary policy to its own needs, with the impact when the country is a small member of a currency union with a negligible effect on interest rates and on nominal exchange rates of the currency union. We find two key results. First, in the case of an independent monetary policy, the adverse impact of limited credibility is relatively small, and consolidation can be expected to reduce government debt at a relatively low output cost given that monetary policy provides more accommodation than it would under perfect credibility. Second, the lack of monetary accommodation under currency union membership implies that the output cost may be significantly larger, and that progress in reducing government debt in the short and medium term may be limited under imperfect credibility.     

转型经济体的巴拉萨—萨缪尔森效应

在总结巴拉萨—萨缪尔森效应理论和相关研究成果的基础上,通过时间序列折线图的初步直观描述,再运用面板数据协整检验方法,对12个高增长的转型经济体样本期间的实际汇率与相对人均产出序列是否存在协整关系进行了实证检验。检验结果显示,样本期实际汇率与相对人均产出之间的协整关系成立。这表明,实现经济转型后的高增长转型经济体的实际汇率与相对人均产出之间存在着稳定的内在关联关系,其实际汇率基本变动趋势可由相对生产率的变动所解释。