How much have been the export products changed from homogeneous to differentiated? Evidence from China, Japan, and Korea

Many international trade theories and evidence suggest that trade in homogeneous and differentiated goods is different, and trade performance depends significantly on the extent of product differentiation. First this paper classifies the three countries' export products using Rauch's [Rauch, J. (1999). Networks versus markets in international trade. Journal of International Economics, 48, 7–35] classification scheme. This paper suggests a sophisticated technique to obtain the extent of product differentiation in a country's export, implied by Dixit and Stiglitz [Dixit, A., & Stiglitz, J. (1977). Monopolistic competition and optimum product variety. The American Economic Review, 67, 297–308] model in which the smaller is the elasticity of substitution between varieties the greater is the extent of product differentiation. This is an attempt to identify the extent of product differentiation in each country's export basket by estimates of the elasticity of substitution. The estimated elasticities of substitution vary across countries. The most interesting empirical finding is that the China's export structure has been rapidly shaped into differentiated products. However the extent of product differentiation in Japan and Korea's exports has relatively less varied.     

International foreign exchange agreements and nominal exchange rate volatility: a GARCH application

For eight major national currencies, this study estimates, and tests several hypotheses with, a t-distribution GARCH model of daily spot nominal exchange rate changes. The sample period covered is June 1, 1982 through September 30, 1992. By using likelihood ratio and parameter stability tests, it finds that for most of the currencies considered, both the conditional means and variances of unexpected exchange rate changes experienced statistically significant structural breaks across the five subperiods that are associated with four episodes of international foreign-exchange policy coordination. The study also finds that the orderings of the GARCH-estimated unconditional standard deviations roughly match the orderings of the sample standard deviations across the five subperiods. An explanation is provided for what underlying factors contributed to these structural shifts.     

Implementation of stable solutions in a restricted matching market

I analyze the admission mechanism used in Spanish universities. The system is open to strategic manipulation. This is because students are not allowed to express the whole list of available options. However, the mechanism implements the set of stable matchings in Nash equilibrium and the student's optimum in strong equilibrium. The mechanism also implements the students' optimum, in Nash equilibrium, under the class of “non-reverse” preferences. All these properties come from the fact that colleges do not have the opportunity to misrepresent their preferences. Received: 30 June 1995 / Accepted: 31 January 1997     

Designs for Variance Components Estimation: Past and Present

This article provides (1) a comprehensive coverage of the literature on designs for estimating variance components, and (2) a review of recent applications of such designs in genetics, statistical process control, and quality improvement. In addition, recent methods of estimation of variance components and model forms, other than the linear, are discussed. The latter developments have a direct effect on the choice of design. Some suggested ideas for future research directions are also given.     

Growth,fertility and human capital: A survey

This paper surveys recent work on endogenous fertility and endogenous growth. These models provide the building blocks for a theory of development. They are capable of explaining income and fertility differentials between rich and poor countries. They can produce switching behavior, countries that transform themselves from no growth economies into high growth economies. The fertility and growth effects of social security programs are also examined. Finally models with increasing returns to population are presented. They are capable of reproducing very long term relationships between human capital, fertility and economic growth.     

网络用户隐私关心问题研究

网络的出现在给人们的生活带来极大便利的同时也引起了网络用户对自身隐私信息的关心。为此采用问卷调查的方式,利用统计分析和关联分类技术,对网络用户所关心的隐私信息及其关心程度进行研究。由调查结果发现,虽然中国网络用户对自身隐私信息的关心程度不断提高,但整体来说仍然较低,用户对自身各类隐私信息的关心程度存在较大差异,且用户对各类隐私信息中的各项具体信息的关心程度随着用户年龄、性别、学历的差异而有所不同。调查结果为电子商务网站更好地保护用户的隐私信息提供了依据。     

An extensive form solution to the adverse selection problem in principal/multi-agent environments

When agents have quasi-linear preferences, every incentive compatible social choice function can be implemented by a simple extensive form mechanism, even if agents are allowed to use mixed strategies. The second stage of the mechanism, which is used to elicit the agents' true preferences, is not reached in equilibrium; it gives agents strict dominant strategies, so equilibrium outcomes are not sensitive to agents' beliefs off the equilibrium path. This solves the multiple equilibrium problem of a principal facing several agents: the mechanism implements any solution to the principal's second best maximization problem. The specification of incentive compatibility constraints in the principal's problem presupposes a precise knowledge of the agents' beliefs. However, the above mechanism can be modified to implement the principal's second best (to within arbitrarily small perturbations of transfers), regardless of the agents' conditional beliefs. Received: 30 April 1997 / Accepted: 16 September 1997     

对中国房地产区域分类的探索——基于聚类分析的实证研究

房地产市场的区域分类是进行房地产微观市场分析和宏观市场研究的基础.只有进行了合理有效的区域分类,才有可能对房地产市场行为有清晰的把握和认识.文章基于房地产市场发展规模的各项指标,运用聚类分析方法进行了全国房地产市场的整合分类,为合理划分全国市场提供了一个好的思路.     

中国古典曲论中的分类现象研究

中国古典戏曲理论里的分类现象从戏曲本体、戏曲创作、戏曲接受、戏曲表演、戏曲多维综合审美等角度，大致可以归纳为五大项二十小类。戏曲本质存在不同审美定位，使得分类现象之间错综复杂，互相交融。分类现象和戏曲发展息息相关，戏曲美学理论受到其他诸种艺术理论的影响的同时，积极构建体现自身本体特征的分类并积极反作用于其他艺术理论。自觉的成系统的分类批评出现在明中后叶．合乎戏曲理论发展的客观规律。     

Estimating intergenerational distribution preferences

Resource management decisions influence not only the output of the economy but also the distribution of utility between groups within the community. The theory of cost benefit analysis provides a means of incorporating distributional changes into the decision making calculus through the application of distributional or welfare weights. However, this practice has not been widely adopted in part due to difficulties in the estimation of distributional weights. This paper addresses this problem by using the stated preference method of choice modelling to estimate distributional weights suitable for inclusion in a cost benefit analysis framework. The findings of a choice modelling experiment designed to estimate community preferences with respect to intergenerational utility distribution illustrate the potential of this method in addressing distributional issues.