Intraday patterns in London listed Exchange Traded Funds

In this paper we examine the intraday trading patterns of Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) listed on the London Stock Exchange. ETFs have been shown to be characterised by much lower bid–ask spread costs and by lower levels of information asymmetry than individual securities. One possible explanation for intraday trading patterns is that concentration of trading arises at the start of the trading day because informed traders have private information that quickly diminishes in value as trading progresses. Since ETFs have lower trading costs and lower levels of information asymmetry we would expect these securities to display less pronounced intraday patterns than individual securities. We fail to find that ETFs are characterised by concentrated trading bouts during the day and therefore find support for the argument that information asymmetry is the cause of intraday volume patterns in stock markets. We find that ETF bid–ask spreads and volatility are elevated at the open but not at the close. This lends support to the “accumulation of information” explanation that sees high spreads and volatility at the open as a consequence of information accumulating during a market closure and impacting on the market when it next opens.     

Market structure and bid-ask spreads: IBIS vs Nasdaq

A comparison is made between the bid-ask spreads of 30 high volume German stocks traded on IBIS and 30 high volume US stocks traded on Nasdaq. IBIS and Nasdaq are best described as agency and dealer auction markets, respectively. On average, the market spread for these IBIS and Nasdaq stocks is the same, but for the 10 most active stocks in each market, IBIS spreads are considerably lower. For these latter stocks, IBIS spreads change in a predictable manner throughout the day. Nasdaq spreads do not. The critical factor appears to be the unrestricted access of suppliers of immediacy that is distinctive for agency auction markets.     

地方政府专项债券发行定价的影响因素测度

文章整理了2015-2020年中国地方政府专项债券的发行数据,研究地方财政和资本市场特征对专项债券发行定价的影响并进一步探究了项目收益专项债与普通专项债之间的定价差异。实证研究发现：地方政府专项债券自身特征、地方的财政经济和资本市场特征均体现了对债券发行定价的影响。特别的,市场货币供应增加能降低项目收益债与普通专项债之间的定价差异,而银行间拆借利率则会提高这一差异。分地区结果显示中西部地区政府性基金预算对普通专项债的信用担保能力较强,而对项目收益债的信用担保能力较弱增加了投资者对其预期收益融资自平衡的担忧。文章对专项债发行定价的影响因素进行研究,以期为完善专项债券发行制度、降低地方政府债务风险和融资成本提供借鉴。     

统一扩频测控体制的初步探讨

分析了我国航天测控面临的新问题、新要求和现行航天测控体制的局限性，对新的统一伪码扩频测控体制进行了初步的描述和设计。     

长PN码并行捕获技术研究

长PN码的捕获是TDRSS的关键技术之一。特别是码长达到261888的超长码，要求在低信噪比、较短时间内的捕获，一直是一个难题。本文在对PN码的跟踪、PN码捕获的原理进行简述的基础上，给出了一种长PN码并行捕获的设计与实现方案。该方案捕获时间短，抗噪声性能好，便于工程实现。     

跨国公司的当前分布及其跨国性分析

在经济全球化过程中,跨国公司发挥着重要作用,甚至可以在某种意义上说,正是由于跨国公司的存在,世界经济联系不仅表现为国际间贸易活动、资金融通,更进一步发展到国际生产经营体系的建立。反过来,作为在一定程度上超越国家当局的经济体,跨国公司对世界经济的影响也在明显加强。本文通过不同的指标对跨国公司的跨国度进行了简要分析。     

日本对华直接投资对中日产业结构的影响途径与效果

在日本对华直接投资战略的影响下，中日两国的产业结构发生了深刻的变化。从生产波及效果和生产诱发效果来看，中日两国早期存在的单纯的垂直分工体系正在被打破，日本从倚重于与中国的垂直产业分工正在向注重资本、技术集约性产业的水平分工转变，水平产业分工体系正在逐渐成为中日两国之间的主要体系。     

On the short-maturity behaviour of the implied volatility skew for random strike options and applications to option pricing approximation

In this paper, we propose a general technique to develop first- and second-order closed-form approximation formulas for short-maturity options with random strikes. Our method is based on a change of numeraire and on Malliavin calculus techniques, which allow us to study the corresponding short-maturity implied volatility skew and to obtain simple closed-form approximation formulas depending on the derivative operator. The numerical analysis shows that these formulas are extremely accurate and improve some previous approaches for two-asset and three-asset spread options such as Kirk’s formula or the decomposition method presented in Alòs et al. [Energy Risk, 2011, 9, 52–57]. This methodology is not model-dependent, and it can be applied to the case of random interest rates and volatilities.     

Market structure and dealers’ quoting behavior in the foreign exchange market

This article examines how differently the same dealer quotes in the inter-dealer and customer foreign exchange markets that have different market structures. The model first predicts that customer spreads are generally wider than inter-dealer ones due to less transparency in the customer market. The model also predicts that since customers are believed to be less informed than dealers, the differential between customer and inter-dealer spreads tends to fall with the rise in order sizes. In addition, the dealer's mid-quotes are shown to be the same in the two markets. Empirical evidence based on data collected from a FX dealer supports these theoretical findings.     

Information Asymmetry Around Earnings Announcements

This study examines bid-ask spreads to determine how the anticipation and release of earnings announcements affect information asymmetry in the stock market. I use regression analysis and find that bid-ask spreads are negatively related to public information availability and positively related to earnings variability and the market reaction to prior unexpected earnings. The results suggest that firms for which earnings is expected to yield a relatively larger stock market reaction have greater information asymmetry than firms for which earnings are expected to yield a smaller market reaction.I also find that bid-ask spreads gradually increase in the four days prior to earnings announcements, and increase sharply the day prior to, the day of and the day after the earnings announcements. Bid-ask spreads seven to ten days after earnings announcements are not significantly different from bid-ask spreads seven to ten days prior to earnings announcements.