Reprint of: Sewage Pollution and Institutional and Technological Change in the United States, 1830-1915

This article examines institutions for water pollution control and their interaction with water supply and sanitation technologies in the United States before the First World War. The article discusses how growth of settlements polluted waters and created pressure to adopt local institutional responses and networked water supply and sewerage technologies in the mid-19th century. However, the new urban technologies undermined local institutional responses and expanded the scale of water pollution problems they were expected to resolve. Water companies, households and local governments litigated their water pollution conflicts in the courts in the absence of other alternatives. In the end of the 19th century, many states adopted water pollution policies. At first, public health authorities enforced the new policies to protect public water supplies from sewage contamination. However, when the effectiveness of filtration and chlorination of drinking water was demonstrated in the early 20th century, public health authorities ceased to enforce discharge prohibitions and instead pressured water companies to adopt the new technological measures to protect public health.     

Internationalisation: A co-evolutionary perspective

Earlier research has identified several organisational and contextual factors relating to the internationalisation of the firm. However, the relations between these factors and their interaction over time have not been clearly understood. This paper seeks to bridge this gap and to provide a contribution to the internationalisation literature by presenting a co-evolutionary approach whereby the internationalisation path of the firm is seen as a product emerging from the co-evolution of internationalisation activities, organisational resources and industry influences. A longitudinal case study of the internationalisation of Orion Diagnostica illustrates the explanatory potential of the co-evolutionary model and captures the complex and interactive nature of the firm's internationalisation over time. The findings of the study also clarify the constraints that enable or compel a firm to internationalise rapidly and show how and why the status of “born globals” may change radically in the further internationalisation development.     

Co-evolution of firms and strategic alliances: Theory and empirical evidence

This paper reviews the analogies of evolution and co-evolution within a business context. Specifically it examines some of the essential underlying assumptions of these theories including the unit of change, the unit of selection; the mechanism of selection, and the ability to change an organisational form. The usefulness of the application of theories of both evolution and co-evolution to explain firm behaviour is examined. Empirical evidence from the UK fresh produce industry is presented to illustrate that both firms and strategic alliances evolve, co-evolve and are subject to selection at individual, dyadic and group levels simultaneously.     

建构协同进化的企业发展模式

现代经济中企业与经营环境的互动越来越密切,企业与其经营环境因子之间存在着协同进化的关系,企业应当走协同进化的发展之路,与其利益相关者实现共存共荣。     

日本企业伦理与治理结构的协同演进与创新研究

第二次世界大战以后，日本企业开始采用内部控制型治理结构。之所以形成这种治理结构的根源在于日本企业的伦理属性决定了其企业的发展模式。从董事会治理伦理、股东治理伦理以及主银行治理伦理三个角度都可以体现出日本企业独特的治理特点。随着外部环境的不断变化，日本企业的治理结构和伦理观念在协同演进的过程中不断发展变化，两者的逻辑关系决定了日本企业治理结构的创新和发展方向。     

技术创新、制度创新与产业演化关系研究综述

国内外学者基于技术创新、制度创新视角,对产业演化机理进行了深入研究与探讨。由此,从技术创新、制度创新与产业演化三者关系出发,对技术创新与产业演化关系、制度创新与产业演化关系、技术创新与制度创新关系以及三者的协同演化关系四个方面的现状进行了梳理与总结,分析了不同主导模式下技术创新、制度创新与产业协同演化机理,并提出了当前研究存在的问题以及未来发展方向,以期为产业演化相关理论研究以及我国企业创新决策、产业发展政策制定提供有益借鉴。     

广义协同进化视角下产业集群生态化研究

针对产业集群在可持续发展中所面临的双重问题及其表现出的明显生态属性,从广义协同视角重新考虑产业集群生态化,并认为:以可持续发展为根本目的的产业集群生态化,应该包括产业集群与自然环境的协同进化、产业集群内部组分间协同进化两个方面。前者主要体现为以物质闭环流动为核心的循环体系构建,后者体现为产业集群内企业在资源使用中的现实综合适应和进化策略。     

基于知识资本化的产业集群发展与创业人才培养协同进化研究

运用共生理论的协同进化研究方法作为指导,率先从进化的角度系统分析和研究了创业者与所在产业集群的互动作用。基于此,构建了基于知识资本化的产业集群发展与创业者学习的旋转互动模型,深入探讨了创业者在创业活动中将专利技术转化为生产过程与新产品,并结合"模仿"与"创新"两种手段来实现集群整体技术效率改善与技术前沿移动的事实。论证了创业活动是影响知识资本化和推动经济增长的一个必要条件,但仅仅有科研投入和知识开发是不够的,提供知识溢出的渠道和知识商业化的途径对促进经济增长的作用同样是至关重要的。由此,在推动经济的同时应该加大对科研知识学习与开发的投入力度,鼓励大学与培训机构对知识的开发与创新,同时加强企业之间的联系,从而更好地带动知识溢出与集体学习行为。     

基于商业生态系统视角的营销理论变革

文章从商业生态系统的视角研究营销理论的变革,商业生态系统已成为一种趋势,传统的营销理论基于静态、单个企业内部能力,强调企业内部与外部环境的匹配,已无法适应商业生态系统的发展趋势。商业生态系统所代表的动态、不确定和复杂的环境,要求企业基于＂商业生态系统＂思考问题,共生营销理论提供了一个生态学的视角,营销的范围将突破企业内部的边界、行业的边界、企业价值链或联合企业的界限,而着眼于与企业有共同命运的利益共同体。企业首先需要确定的是企业是决定加入某个或某几个商业生态系统,还是创建一个新的商业生态系统,并将自己视为商业生态系统中的一员,考虑自身营销行为与整个商业生态系统的匹配,然后以生态位分离的思想选择自己应承担的角色,基于系统成员共享的思想下制定产品价值开发与定价策略,最终实现与系统内其他成员的协同进化。     

The emergence of hybrid-electric cars: Innovation path creation through co-evolution of supply and demand

Hybrid-electric vehicles have experienced a significant rate of growth in the last 10 years. This is remarkable, since the automotive sector is typically averse to the more radical technological change of engines. The internal combustion engine has been around for more than 100 years after all.In this paper we describe and explain the emergence of electric engines in the automobile market after 1990. We explicate the role of techno-economic mechanisms alongside social and regulatory mechanisms (including the social meaning of an engine). The co-evolutionary analysis is novel in the integrated conception of actor perspectives, feedback effects and competition between products. We find three sources of lock-in through path dependency: from demand, supply as well as the regulatory side. We conclude that automotive engines were significantly locked into a trajectory of internal combustion technology due to techno-economic mechanisms, which produced inertia despite social pressures. The creation of an alternative path, on the other hand, initially stalled. Various stakeholders were unsuccessful in marketing their electric or hybrid-electric vehicles in the 1990s, such as Peugeot/Citroen with various electric models, or Audi with their Duo in 1997. However, after 2000 we find that sustaining efforts of California's Air Resources Board and Toyota were triggering creation of a new innovation path of hybrid-electric engines.