Institutional causes of urban and rural sprawl in Switzerland

Open space is a very scarce resource in Switzerland. The Federal Government aims to stabilize the use of settlement area per resident at 400 m². This paper starts by outlining the institutional system of spatial planning in Switzerland. Regressions then explain both the current level of land use per resident as well as the development of this indicator. Factors like cars per resident, the proportion of old people and the rural character of the municipality do increase land use per resident. Case studies show that there are currently hardly any instruments available with which to steer land use beyond the local level. It is concluded that incentives for local administrations should be introduced in order to limit urban and rural sprawl.     

基于整体系统观念的人居环境绿地系统体系构建

针对现状城市绿地系统规划存在的局限,本文认为应从整体的、系统的、层级的、生态的观念并从学科的发展出发来理解人居环境绿地系统体系,进而构建人居环境绿地系统体系.并提出人居环境绿地系统体系规划的主要目标是:保护、恢复和重建.强调人居环境绿地系统体系规划一方面应该注重规划层面的扩展,从城市走向市域、城镇集聚区等更大范畴.另一方面也应该关注村镇一级绿地系统的建立,将人居环境绿地系统体系规划看作是复合生态系统观念在各层次的绿地系统规划中的体现;还应进一步加强绿地植物群落的生态服务功能的形成以及注重绿地系统生物多样性的规划.     

略论信用证与履约保函的结合与使用

本文分析了进口商在信用证业务中需要完成的手续与出口商不交货时进口商面临的风险。并在此基础上介绍了信用证与履约保函的结合使用带给进口商的利益。     

浅析WTO争端解决机制的利与弊

本文通过阐述WTO争端解决机制的形成和运作程序，在肯定其创新之处的同时，指出其缺陷并提出相应对策，以期使其在促进世界贸易的发展上起到更加积极的作用。     

The impact of settlement period on sales price

This study is an empirical investigation of the impact of settlement period on sales price while controlling for marketing period and standard explanatory variables. The hypothesized positive relationship between settlement period and sales price is confirmed by the results of this study. The estimated coefficient on settlement period is 0.0008 meaning that our market, on average, exacts a premium of 0.08 percent per day of settlement period beyond a norm of 60 days. The estimated coefficient on marketing period (a control variable) is –0.0003 meaning that our market, on average, requires a discount of 0.03 percent per day of marketing period. Our findings show the relative importance of settlement period in making real estate pricing decisions.     

浅析中俄跨境人民币结算

人民币跨境人民币业务源于贸易结算,进而扩展到了投融资与金融交易等领域。因此推行跨境人民币结算的成本收益不应只考虑贸易结算,必须把投融资与金融交易包括在内。近年来对俄跨境人民币结算取得了一些成效,但仍然存在着结算渠道不完善、现钞回流方式单一、人民币输出力度不足和综合服务水平不高等问题,为此应该在增加中俄本币结算代理行数量基础上探索人民币清算行集中清算模式,实施推进中俄货币互换,扩大对俄人民币直接投资,在现有的政策框架内完善在俄人民币回流机制,提升跨境人民币结算的金融服务管理水平,跨境贸易人民币结算制度与原有外汇结算管理制度相衔接。     

The law and economics of Canada's WTO litigation contesting U.S. country-of-origin labeling (COOL)

We explain the interplay of law and economics in the successful WTO challenge by Canada of U.S. mandatory country-of-origin labeling (COOL) measures for beef and pork, which hinged on origin of livestock used in U.S. meat production. Canada mounted a successful legal and economic strategy to convince WTO adjudicating bodies that the United States had violated specific WTO provisions. Canada's economic evidence shows that through costs of segregation the COOL measure harmed the competitive position of Canadian cattle and hogs in the U.S. market. Economic evidence was built into the strategy and cited by the WTO Panels in support of their legal findings that the COOL measure violated U.S. obligations under WTO agreements. Canada was awarded rights to more than one billion Canadian dollars in retaliation and the United States responded by eliminating the offending COOL measure. The COOL case demonstrates how economic and econometric evidence can be used in complex dispute settlement proceedings dealing with technical trade barriers. Economics is especially valuable in the initial stage of framing the effects at issue, in the intermediate stages of documenting empirical causation and in the final stage of litigation, which was to calculate and defend the amount of retaliation.     

吉林省推进粮食收购非现金结算工作的实践与思考

吉林省作为我国重要的商品粮基地,多年来受传统交易习惯等因素影响,现金结算始终是粮食购销结算的主要方式,“现金搬家”及“假币坑农”问题时有发生。2010年10月以来,人民银行长春中心支行切实履行央行社会管理责任,努力发挥支付服务“三农”职能,在全国率先整省推进粮食收购非现金结算试点和推广工作,并将其作为农村地区支付服务环境改善工作的突破口。文章首先介绍了推广粮食收购非现金结算工作的做法及成效,然后指出其中存在的问题,最后给出相关政策建议。     

边境贸易及人民币跨境结算问题研究——以广西为例

本文首先从理论角度分析了边境贸易与人民币结算关系,然后对广西的经济和对外贸易情况做了梳理,得出在边境贸易和人民币结算试点中存在的问题,最后针对在边境贸易及人民币结算试点中存在的问题给出了一些政策建议.     

新加坡人民币离岸金融业务发展分析

日前,新加坡成为继香港和台湾之后的第三个人民币离岸金融中心,在人民币区域化、国际化的进程中取得了长足的发展。本文阐述了新加坡金融市场现状,分析了其优势和进一步发展人民币离岸业务的制约因素,提出大力推进新加坡人民币离岸业务的政策建议,为人民币离岸市场建设和人民币区域化、国际化提供理论依据和指导。