Lead markets, innovation differentials and growth

This article suggests that the specialization of countries in international trade is determined by the lead-lag market pattern of national markets. Many internationally successful innovations have been adopted first in one country while other countries initially either preferred other designs or an established product. A model for the international diffusion of innovations is presented in which nationally preferred innovation designs compete to become a globally dominant design. In this model, there are country-specific market attributes that increase the likelihood that the choice a country makes among alternative technologies is followed around the world. It is argued that technological knowledge gaps are not the origin of an international competitive advantage. Instead, a country gains a competitive advantage because a specific innovation design was adopted earlier than in any other country. This gives local firms a head start in producing, gathering marketing intelligence and securing the property rights of a globally successful innovation. In countries with lag market characteristics, domestic innovations are less likely to get adopted worldwide. Lag markets often switch from a domestic innovation design to a foreign innovation design, which increases imports. The lead-lag market explanation of trade specialization has implications for national policies. In this model domestic innovations do not always foster exports; idiosyncratic innovations induced by lag market contexts can hamper the export chances of local firms and in the end lead to an increase in imports. It is suggested that in order to increase exports, national policies have to distinguish between a domestic lead and lag market context in each industry. While in a lead market context, traditional policy instruments that enhance the rate of innovations are effective, in a lag market situation national follower strategies are more appropriate.     

基础力学课程教学改革的研究与实践

该文在深入分析基础力学各相关课程相互关系的基础上，认为基础力学课程的改革，应该优化组合备相关课程内容，减少重复内容，形成新的教学体系；应该在教学手段上注意现代化教学手段与传统教学手段的结合，激发学生的学习兴趣，提高课堂的效率；也强调实验环节的重要性，要注重学生动手能力的培养。     

高校政治思想工作的创新思考

新时期高校思想政治工作要与教育教学相统一，要做到人性化，强化人本意识，坚持以学生为本，增强历史责任感和使命感，切实把大学生思想政治教育工作提高到一个新的水平。     

我国液体生物质燃料开发问题与制度方法创新

当前,液体生物质燃料开发已经成为一个世界性实践问题.本文结合我国及云南实际,分析液体生物质燃料开发进程中的问题及其成因,进而从制度与方法方面提出我国液体生物质燃料开发的思路.     

制度创新与中国农业发展——兼论农业产业化的意义

在工业化的前提下,通过农业的技术进步促进农业发展是新古典经济学传统农业改造的核心思想,但其局限性是显而易见的。以新制度经济学的理论来看,中国农业问题的症结是以农户为基本经营单位的农业生产组织形式不能适应市场经济的要求,农业产业化是中国农业现代化的必由之路。     

基于复合DEA的我国企业自主创新绩效的评价与分析

首先构建了对我国企业自主创新绩效评价指标体系;在此基础上,运用均值法对原始数据进行了处理;继而,以我国主要行业领域内的14个代表型企业为评价样本,运用数据包络分析方法对其自主创新绩效进行了客观量化实证研究,并对评价结果进行了分析,找出影响我国企业自主创新绩效的关键因素。     

美日两国产业结构政策比较

日本产业从战后的废墟中得以重建和繁荣,并以惊人的速度赶超欧美,成为世界第二大经济强国,日本政府英明的产业结构政策功不可没。然而面对20世纪90年代日本经济的极度萧条,政府的产业结构政策已无回天之力。相比之下,美国政府通用的产业结构政策却引导美国的产业发展在信息时代仍然处于不败之地,这不能不引起我们的思考。     

中国大中型造纸企业技术创新机制探讨

建立和健全大中型企业以技术创新为核心的技术进步的内在机制 ,保障提高技术创新的绩效是目前亟待解决的问题。本文根据 2 0 0 0年中国科技统计年鉴中的数据 ,对大中型造纸企业在技术创新方面存在的主要问题进行分析 ,就如何完善其动力机制和运行机制提出建议     

The persistence of knowledge‐based advantage: an empirical test for product performance and technological knowledge

Resource‐based theory maintains that intrinsic characteristics of resources and capabilities, such as their tacitness, complexity, and specificity, prevent imitation and thereby prolong exceptional performance. There is little direct evidence to verify these claims, yet a substantial literature encourages firms to formulate competitive strategies around resources with these attributes. Further, work outside the resource‐based tradition suggests that these attributes can slow innovation, and it is not clear when this effect outweighs the benefits of inimitability. This paper seeks to clarify whether and how the complexity, tacitness, and specificity of a firm's knowledge affect the persistence of its performance advantages. We find that the complexity and tacitness of technological knowledge are useful for defending a firm's major product improvements from imitation, but not for protecting its minor improvements. The design specificity of technological knowledge delayed imitation of minor improvements in this study. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于新贸易理论与制度创新的思考

新贸易理论是在假定各国的市场制度基本健全的前提下，从市场运行的角度考察国际经济和贸易，所以造成其解释力有一定的缺乏；而制度创新理论可能对新贸易理论给出一些互补性思路。