Plantation Homes and Veneto Villas in the United States and Europe

Abstract

This paper explores the issues and challenges that are facing Lebanon as it attempts to reposition itself as a leading tourism destination in the post-war years. A discussion about the Lebanese government reconstruction plan and its role in shaping tourism policies is offered. A discussion about post-war tourism development in Lebanon is offered.     

A Life Cycle Model for Aboriginal Arts Performance in Tourism: Perspectives on Authenticity

This paper suggests a life cycle model for aboriginal arts performance in tourism related situations from the perspective of authenticity. It is proposed that aboriginal arts performance is subject to a change and potential revitalisation process which consists of five stages: (1) the primordial state; (2) increasing involvement; (3) situational adaptations; (4) revitalisation; and (5) management for change, conservation or decline. The paper also examines the existing literature concerning authenticity in the field of tourism. It is designed to help understand and manage the increasingly complex world in which aboriginal arts can decline, survive or change.     

Digitization of heritage collections as indicator of innovation

Heritage institutions house cultural and research content, which is the key source to stimulate soft innovation. Despite the potential, heritage collections are mostly inaccessible via digital mediums. We analyse the macro, meso and micro conditions of heritage organizations across Europe to identify the key determinants that foster soft innovation as reflected by the share of collection digitization and online publication. We find that organizations respond positively to an environment of high consumer digital literacy and sustainable resource allocation that enables slack, skilled staff and long-term strategic planning. Innovation is thus, in fact, enhanced by digital literacy from both producers and consumers.     

文化嵌入、网络行为与集群企业创新台皂力的关联机制研究——理论分析框架与命题

经济行为嵌入在社会关系中，主体的行动是受背后的动机和意愿支配的。本文在进行相关文献回顾的基础上，从区域文化产生来源出发，归纳提炼了区域文化的内吝维度，并基于资源依赖理论，从文化嵌入的内容和程度两个方面，提出了文化嵌入作用于集群企业创新能力的一个系统分析框架，即嵌入于不同内容和程度区域文化的集群企业，其网络建构、网络维系和网络学习行为具有重大差异，进而使自身对网络资源的获取和利用水平上存在着差异，并最终导致企业的创新能力水平截然不同。在此基础上，形成了一系列有待未来实证检验的文化嵌入作用机制的命题。     

Entry dynamics of self-employment in South Korea

The purpose of this paper is to clarify whether the entry into self-employment was an inevitable move due to economic recession (push hypothesis) or a voluntary move due to entrepreneurship (pull hypothesis) in Korea. It also examines how this decision is affected by changes in socio-economic conditions. The empirical analysis in this study exploited the matched sample for the adjacent months in the Economically Active Population Survey (EAPS) conducted by Korea National Statistical Office in 2000–2004. The empirical results showed that the push aspect of self-employment was strong in Korea over the whole sampled periods. The entry into self-employment in South Korea is largely attributable to economic sluggishness and an increase in unemployment rather than a voluntary transition resulting from entrepreneurship. Policy environment (such as providing information and financial support for new start-ups after the Asian financial crisis), which is a country-specific factor magnified the pushed effects. For the pushed (unprepared) self-employed people, not only is there a need to expand the coverage of vocational training programmes, but also it is vital that social safety nets are strengthened and supplemented.     

Managerial Problem-Solving Styles: A Cross-Cultural Study

ABSTRACT

The literature suggests that North American business-people differ from their Latin American counterparts with respect to specific behavioral traits. Our particular interest is in problem solving and in effecting changes in behavior to achieve better problem-solving capability. The purpose of the present study is to assess whether there are differences in problem-solving styles between two culturally different groups of managers registered in MBA Programs: Anglo American and Latin American. Using Kolb's (1984 2006) Learning Style Inventory, it was found that Anglo American managers tended to be relatively action-oriented, “Convergers” (they emphasize decision-making and use deductive reasoning), while Latin American managers tended to be reflection-oriented, “Assimilators” (they emphasize planning and like to create models in their analyses) in their problem-solving styles. The positive and negative aspects of each style are discussed and suggestions for improved decision-making are offered.

RESUMEN. La literatura sugiere que los empresarios norteamericanos difieren de sus contrapartes latinoamericanos, en lo que atañe a ciertos trazos comportamentales específicos. Nuestro interés particular se orienta a la solución de problemas e implementación de cambios comportamentales, con el propósito de adquirir habilidades específicas para la solución de problemas. El propósito de este estudio es evaluar si existen diferencias entre los estilos empleados para solucionar problemas entre diferentes grupos culturales de gerentes matriculados en Programas MBA angloamericanos y latinoamericanos. Usando el sistema de estilos de Kolb (1984 2006) denominado Learning Style Inventory, descubrimos que los gerentes angloamericanos tienden a orientarse con bastante frecuencia en la acción, los llamados ‘Convergentes’ (que hacen hincapié en la toma de decisiones y el uso del razonamiento deductivo), mientras que los gerentes latinoamericanos tienden a volcarse a la reflexión, los llamados ‘Asimiladores’ (que hacen hincapié enplanear y les gusta crear modelos en sus análisis), como característica de sus estilos para solucionar problemas. Discutimos los aspectos positivo y negativo de cada estilo, y hacemos sugerencias para mejorar la toma de decisión.

RESUMO. A literatura sugere que os homens de negócios norte-americanos diferem de seus colegas latino-americanos em traços comportamentais específicos. Nosso interesse particular recai sobre a resolução de problemas e a introdução de mudanças de comportamento para obter uma melhor capacidade de resolução de problemas. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar se existem diferenças nos estilos de resolução de problemas de dois grupos culturalmente diferentes de gerentes matriculados em cursos de MBA: anglo-americanos e latino-americanos. Utilizando o inventário LSI (learning style inventory) de Kolb (1984 2006), constatou-se que os gerentes anglo-americanos tendiam a ser relativamente orientados para a ação, “convergentes” (eles enfatizam a tomada de decisões e o raciocínio dedutivo), enquanto os gerentes latinoamericanos tendiam a ser orientados para a reflexão, “assimiladores” (eles enfatizam o planejamento e gostam de criar modelos em suas análises) em seus estilos de resolução de problemas. Os aspectos positivos e negativos de cada estilo são discutidos, e sugestões para melhorar a tomada de decisões são oferecidas.     

高职高专旅游英语教学中跨文化交际能力的培养

语言是文化的裁体,文化支配着语言。不同文化背景的人们在交际的过程中,由于文化差异,交流双方很容易产生文化障碍。要获得跨文化交际的最佳效果,我们不仅要掌握语言本身的规律,更要了解语言所承载的深刻文化内涵,通过一些手段来培养学生的跨文化交际能力。     

高等院校足球文化氛围的研究

我国足球水平总上不去，与足球文化氛围不太好有着紧密关系。足球文化氛围先要搞好了，参加足球活动的人增加，踢足球的人多，人才辈出，成绩提高也就水到渠成。校园足球文化应该像金字塔一样，重点在基层。自下而上，形成各班、年级、系部、学校等层面。可以开展小规模的友谊赛，也可以开展中等规模及体协牵头的各种类型的比赛，最高层则是学校的足球联赛。同时领导重视，各职能部门大力支持，体育教学部全力以赴，学生会积极协助，共同努力，才能使校园足球文化蓬勃发展。高校的学生既是运动员的摇篮又是社会的未来精英，高校足球文化氛围的提高，将会对我国足球水平的提高有很大的推进作用。     

国外企业兼并文化整合模式与选择理论及其启示

目前我国有许多企业都在进行企业兼并,但是兼并的效果并不令人满意。忽视企业文化整合、文化整合失败是企业兼并低绩效的一个重要原因。为此首先阐述了国外企业兼并文化整合理论的一些研究成果,然后结合我国企业兼并中的整合实践,探讨提高我国企业文化整合成功率可以采取的一些措施。     

企业的文化风险及对策研究

企业的文化风险不仅是理论界的重要研究对象,同时也是企业在跨国经营中必须面对的实际问题。跨国经营中的文化风险具体表现为沟通风险、种族优越风险、管理风险和商务惯例与禁忌风险等几种形式。文化风险的产生源自于不同文化之间的差异其对企业提供的产品与服务、对市场的选择、市场进入方式、协调管理原则以及国际营销策略都有重要的影响。企业在跨国经营中首先要正确认识文化风险,制定文化风险管理战略,选择适当的风险控制工具,加强跨文化管理,开展跨文化培训,并适当地实行本土化经营。