RS和GIS支持下的县域生态红线划定技术研究——以四川省汶川县为例

"生态保护红线"是我国在生态保护领域的一项制度创新,"生态保护红线"的划定对维护我国生态安全具有重要战略意义。目前,我国"生态保护红线"的划定工作尚处于起步状态,在此背景下,采用遥感技术(RS)与空间信息技术(GIS)相结合的方法,以汶川县为例,研究县域尺度下的生态红线划定技术,研究结果表明,占汶川县辖区面积的62%属于生态功能红线保护范围。     

辽东湾沿海及内陆土地利用生态环境效应对比分析

以位于辽东湾北部的营口市和辽宁省内部的鞍山市为研究区,引用研究区土地利用图形数据,通过将景观斑块分类的方法,对辽东湾沿海及内陆城市的土地利用生态环境效应进行比较分析。结果表明:(1)辽东湾的优势景观为林地和旱地。(2)鞍山市的区域生态环境指数为0.43,营口市的区域生态环境指数为0.51。辽东湾沿海城市较内陆城市生态环境好。     

基于PSR模型的佳木斯市土地生态安全综合评价

研究基于PSR模型框架,从压力、状态、响应等3个准则层入手构建佳木斯土地生态安全的评价指标体系,结合熵权与变异系数的综合确权法测算各指标权重,对佳木斯市2000~2012年土地资源生态安全进行综合评价,划定其安全等级。研究表明:2000~2012年,佳木斯市的土地生态安全系统的压力指数整体低于状态指数与响应指数,呈先上升后下降再上升的波动形变化趋势,压力指数从0.084上升到0.129,下降到0.041,再上升到0.157;土地生态安全状态指数呈现先增长又下降的变化趋势,从0.158增长到0.251,再下降到0.208;土地安全状态响应指数呈现平缓的增长变化趋势,从0.140增长到0.308;压力指数、状态指数和响应指数共同决定佳木斯市土地生态安全评价的综合指数,土地生态安全指数呈现先增长后下降再增长的变化趋势,从0.381增长到0.494,下降到0.464,再增长到0.673。考察期内佳木斯土地生态安全整体处于临界安全状态,2012年上升至较安全等级。该结论为佳木斯市制定改善土地生态安全的措施提供理论依据。     

Opportunity cost of water allocation to afforestation rather than conservation of natural vegetation in China

Estimation of ecosystem service values is a hot area of research in ecological conservation and economics. However, the costs of these outputs are largely unknown. In this paper, we estimated the opportunity cost of water allocated to afforestation projects through mathematical modeling based on statistical data for all of China to provide support for restoration planning based on a fuller consideration of the true costs. To guide future ecological conservation and environmental policy development, we illustrate a neglected concept (ecosystem service costs) and use this concept to compare the ecological services provided by ecological restoration based on afforestation with those of restoration based on the conservation of natural vegetation using data obtained since 1949 in China. The results showed that afforestation and natural vegetation create annual costs related to use of the available water resources equal to 4800 and 3700 RMB ha⁻¹, respectively, representing a water opportunity cost of 1100 RMB ha⁻¹ for afforestation. This illustrates the rule that “there is no free lunch” for any service, including ecosystem services. Therefore, to support the development of more effective and sustainable environmental restoration policy, it will be necessary to evaluate the associated opportunity costs.     

试论大数据技术在生态环境保护领域的应用架构及相关技术

促进大数据在生态环境保护领域的深化应用,可以提高生态环境监管能力,并实现环境管理工作精细化。实践中需要把握生态环境信息化的大数据需求,对其应用架构及相关技术进行深入探究,以从多维度出发挖掘有价值的信息,更好地服务生态环境保护工作。     

Climate adaptation in ‘new world’ cultural landscapes: The case of Bay of Fundy agricultural dykelands (Nova Scotia,Canada)

North America has few cultural agricultural landscapes, and often commensurately poor governance arrangements for managing change in such settings. This research uses the Acadian dykelands of Nova Scotia, Canada, as an opportunity to explore the social and governance limits to coastal climate adaptation in ‘new world’ cultural agricultural landscapes, as well as inform local decision-making. Approximately half of Nova Scotia’s coastal wetlands were converted to dykeland in the 1600s, lowering local resilience to the increased frequency and storm severity anticipated with climate change. Today, dykelands protect a diversity of public and private interests, meanings and values, yet are controlled by the agricultural sector, which can no longer afford to maintain them all to 2050 climate projections. We report here on a representative online Q-methodology survey of 183 adult Nova Scotians in the spring of 2015. Respondents sorted 34 statements along a normal distribution about whether they prefer dykeland maintenance or wetland restoration, and under what governance arrangements. Four factors were derived: the dominant discourse was local, female and strongly pro-dykeland, indicating the likelihood for local resistance to dykeland removal on for cultural, recreational and farming reasons. The second factor was supportive of wetland restoration for reasons of efficiency, not wetland affinity, but characterized by those in positions of management power. The two minority viewpoints were less informed about dykelands, characteristic of outsiders, and concerned more with governance. More education is needed about the challenges facing dykelands, the benefits of coastal wetlands, and the management options, but this research shows proposals to change landscape should emphasize flood mitigation over cost-saving. Cultural values and status quo bias are clearly barriers to adaptation planning, even when discussing the removal of man-made structures. The factors were surprisingly polarized, suggesting the forced-normal distribution affects the space available to convey nuanced perspectives. Large p-set Q-method of this kind is likely most useful for characterizing the emergent discourses demographically, and understanding their prevalence; the same discourses had emerged within a much smaller pilot study.     

热焖法钢渣处理及综合利用工程实践

转炉钢渣是在转炉炼钢过程中产生的废渣,是炼钢的必然副产物,据钢铁工业协会统计数据显示,2012年钢渣产生量为6228万吨,如果处置利用不当,不仅污染周边环境,而且钢渣的含铁成分也白白浪费。钢渣的处理与利用巳成为钢铁企业发展循环经济、保护生态环境的一项紧迫任务。     

组织变革对组织存活的影响研究——基于组织生态学的视角

20世纪以来,科学技术的快速发展,促进了全球经济的增长,给组织带来了发展的机遇,但是市场环境的剧烈动荡,使组织面临巨大的市场挑战和风险。组织为了生存,必须进行变革,但变革的高风险和高成本又反过来影响了组织生存。因此,组织变革与组织存活的关系是一个值得探讨的话题。目前,此问题的研究主要集中在两个视角:适应视角和生态学视角。其中,生态学视角是一种新的分析视角,为组织变革理论的研究提供了重要借鉴。     

耦合多元价值的生态风景道规划研究 ——以乌兰察布四横交通带风景道为例

近年来随着中国对交通运输与旅游融合的重视，风景道的研究与建设被提上日程。基于对生态保护、特色景观与休闲游憩的多元需求，由国内对风景道的研究和一系列实例入手，在传统风景道概念的基础上提出建设居于多元价值的生态风景道。同时，以乌兰察布四横风景道的规划为例，研究了基于形态学空间格局分析的生态网络构建、景观视觉评价的景观节点建设及串联沿途旅游资源的绿道系统建设，在实践中探讨了多元价值目标导向下风景道规划设计的策略和方法。     

自然资源资产全民所有权的实现逻辑及机制完善

研究目的：围绕新时代人民日益增长的美好生活需要，揭示自然资源资产全民所有权的实现逻辑，提出完善全民 所有权实现机制的建议。研究方法：归纳法，演绎法。研究结果：自然资源资产生态属性决定生态产品是自然资源资 产所有权实现的重要内容；全民所有权行使主体直接行使所有权意义上的资源资产管理权利，实现自然资源资产保值 增值；通过自然资源保护和市场交易实现生态产品供给及经济收益最大化，通过公益支出实现公共服务均等化，从而满 足人民日益增长的美好生活需要，构成自然资源资产全民所有权实现的基本逻辑。研究结论：自然资源资产全民所有 权实现，需在改善自然资源资产本底基础上，通过权利赋予、市场流转、收益分配和配套制度建设，为全体公众谋利益。