人类活动的环境效应及生态环境变迁研究述评

生态环境变迁是指人类由于资源利用活动过程中对自然、社会、经济系统较长时期相互作用最终导致该区域生态环境在时间、空间上产生的累积环境效应.国际上生态环境变迁研究主要归属到侧重于自然科学的生态环境变化研究方面,尤其是关注近代工业革命以来由于全球气候变暖、温室效应、酸雨、臭氧层空洞等全球及区域性重大环境变迁的深入研究.在我国,生态环境变迁研究主要归属到环境史研究领域.主要涉及历史上的农业经济、土地利用与垦殖、草原与畜牧业发展、城镇经济、森林砍伐利用、沙漠化对生态环境变迁互动影响研究.本文在分析总结1994年以来有关生态环境变迁研究主要文献基础上,提出了至今为止我国生态环境变迁研究领域存在的一些主要并需尽快解决的研究热点和难点问题,以及今后该研究领域需要重点关注的研究领域.     

现代西方饭店组织的发展演进

我国民族饭店集团发展十分缓慢的一个重要原因是没有重视饭店集团的理论基础研究．因此，有必要重点考察现代西方饭店组织发展的历史轨迹，分析各类饭店组织的主要特点，探讨其演进过程，以加强国内学术界对这一问题的研究．     

轻型汽车悬架侧倾角刚度分析

文章通过对某轻型汽车独立悬架和非独立悬架侧倾运动特性的分析,建立了侧倾角刚度的数学模型。     

物流产业评价指标与方法的探讨

本文首先对物流产业的概念进行界定,提出物流产业的判断基准;然后根据物流产业的内涵进行评价指标的设计,主要包括物流产业规模、效益、结构、资源、市场潜力等五个大类指标;最后运用主成分分析法建立物流产业的评价模型.     

我国地方政府显性债务问题实证分析

本文对我国某地区显性债务规模与结构进行分析，结果表明，从规模上看，我国地方政府显性债务具有规模庞大，不断扩张，超出了地方财力规模，逾期债务比重较大等特点；从结构上看，我国地方政府显性债务具有来源复杂等特点。同时，通过对债务规模与某些因素的相关分析表明，我国地方政府显性债务规模与地方经济总量存在相关性。     

城区特征对房贷的影响

城区特征通过多种途径影响商业银行住房抵押贷款决策.商业银行可以根据城区特征判断一个城区的住房抵押贷款违约风险,进而确定对该城区的最低首付款比例或拒贷率.通过分析国外城区特征对商业银行住房抵押贷款决策的影响机制,联系我国实际情况,指出我国商业银行根据城区特征进行住房抵押贷款决策具有合理性,建议商业银行密切关注城区住房价格波动率,并建议政府限制中低收入城区商业银行的数量.     

历史与现在——国际商法的演进对我们的启示

文中对国际商法从古代商法、中世纪商人法到近代商法国内化以及现代商人法的历史演进过程进行研究,并从纵向和横向的角度解读了国际商法的发展带给我们的启示。     

国家综合配套改革区与制度的空间演化分析

建立国家综合配套改革试验区,不仅是为了促进滨海新区及天津市的发展,更重要的是推动环渤海地区,乃至整个北方地区的发展,形成新的区域发展模式。这就要求在理论上不仅要考虑到技术、制度的因素,也要考虑到空间的因素对国家综合配套改革试验区理论模型的影响。具体研究空间因素对国家综合配套改革试验区的影响有助于准确理解和把握国家综合配套改革试验区的空间作用,形成新的区域增长方式和区域发展模式,为在全国范围内贯彻科学发展观和构建和谐社会提供崭新的思路和视角。     

The Effect of Risk Characteristics on the Willingness to Pay for Mortality Risk Reductions from Electric Power Generation

The objective of this study is to estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for the reduction of mortality risks caused by fossil fuel (natural gas, coal and oil) versus nuclear electric power generation systems and to examine the influence of risk characteristics involved with electric power generation on WTP. A choice experiment was conducted to achieve these objectives. The attributes for nuclear risks in the experiment included the probability of disasters and the expected losses if a disaster occurs. We find evidence of (i) a baseline effect (where WTP is sensitive to hypothetical versus actual baseline expected mortality); (ii) a ‘labeling effect,’ where, surprisingly, the term ‘nuclear’ has no effect on WTP, but the term ‘fossil-fueled power generation’ results in lower WTP; and (iii) disaster aversion, meaning that people focus on the conditional loss from a nuclear disaster, not the probability. We also find that the WTP for reducing deaths from a nuclear disaster is about 60 times the WTP for routine reducing fossil-fuel generation-related deaths.     

Learning by doing,spillovers and shakeouts

This paper studies industry evolution driven by non strategic learning by doing and spillovers. We characterize a dynamic process of cost and output changes and its effect on welfare and industry profits. The paper gives conditions for shakeouts to occur and analyzes the key factors affecting these conditions. Since shakeouts could lead to a long-run social loss due to higher market concentration, there is a role for a government to play in limiting unnecessary shakeouts. The most effective way to do so is to enhance spillovers.JEL Classification: L11, L13, O31Correspondence to: Michael TroegeWe would like to thank Hans Mewis, Christophe Moussu and an anonymous referee for valuable comments and suggestions. We also benefited from comments of seminar participants at WZB, Humboldt University, Northwestern University and the EEA/ESEM 1999 meetings. Part of the research was carried out while Michael Tröge was visiting Northwestern University. Financial support by the German Research Council (DFG) is gratefully acknowledged.