控股股东股权质押会降低高管超额在职消费水平吗?——基于中国上市公司的实证分析

现有关于控股股东股权质押的文献大多聚焦于股权质押后控股股东为规避控制权转移而对公司施加的直接影响,忽略了高管这一公司治理体系中的重要角色。实际上,股权质押后控股股东更可能通过加强对高管的监督进而降低控制权转移风险。基于此,文章从高管超额在职消费的视角,探究控股股东股权质押对高管行为的影响,并区分不同产权性质、不同公司内部控制质量以及股权质押类型进一步研究了不同情境下控股股东股权质押对高管超额在职消费水平的影响差异。研究发现:控股股东股权质押后会加强对高管的监督,降低了高管超额在职消费水平;进一步研究表明控股股东股权质押对高管超额在职消费水平的降低作用主要出现在非国有企业样本、公司内部控制质量较好的样本以及场内标准化质押的样本中。本文的研究对现有股权质押经济后果相关文献形成了有益补充。     

Is There Excess Liquidity in China?

In this paper, we developed the recursive unit root tests proposed by Phillips et al. (2013) and used them to identify the beginning and the end of potential excess liquidity in the Chinese monetary market during the period from 1992 to 2013. The result indicates that excess liquidity existed from the third quarter of 2002 to 2013. The analysis shows that since 2003, the inflationary pressure of excess liquidity has remained high. We provide evidence supporting the money illusion hypothesis in China. The recursive unit root test is suited to practical implementation with time series and delivers a consistent date‐stamping strategy for determining the origination and termination of multiple bubbles. Simulations show that the test significantly improves discriminatory power and leads to distinct power gains.     

金融危机下流动性过剩问题的分析

在金融危机的大环境下,由于投资储蓄大于消费及贸易顺差不降反升引起的外汇储备继续增加,国家投入到市场中更多的货币,暂时解决了社会财富与货币供求的平衡,但这为今后的流动性过剩的加剧埋下了巨大的隐患,因此政府需要在这个时期就采取措施以适当抑制未来几年内很可能由于流动性过剩加速引起的通货膨胀等不良经济影响。     

Pricing catastrophe risk in life (re)insurance

What is the catastrophe risk a life insurance company faces? What is the correct price of a catastrophe cover? During a review of the current standard model, due to Strickler, we found that this model has some serious shortcomings. We therefore present a new model for the pricing of catastrophe excess of loss cover (Cat XL). The new model for annual claim cost C is based on a compound Poisson process of catastrophe costs. To evaluate the distribution of the cost of each catastrophe, we use the Peaks Over Threshold model for the total number of lost lives in each catastrophe and the beta binomial model for the proportion of these corresponding to customers of the insurance company. To be able to estimate the parameters of the model, international and Swedish data were collected and compiled, listing accidents claiming at least twenty and four lives, respectively. Fitting the new model to data, we find the fit to be good. Finally we give the price of a Cat XL contract and perform a sensitivity analysis of how some of the parameters affect the expected value and standard deviation of the cost and thus the price.     

氧乙炔焰切割输油管线的操作技术

采油厂的输油管线在长期的使用过程中,由于腐蚀、老化等原因,易出现穿孔、管壁变薄等各种情况,针对输油管线内部残留油气等可燃物、残余压力,在施工条件复杂时容易发生事故的特点,利用改进氧乙炔焰切割工艺,提高输油管线维修和更换工作的安全性和工作效率。     

Defensive Strategy’s Effect on Firm Value: Evidence from Public-Listed Companies in Malaysia

This study examines the relationship between defensive strategy and firm value for a sample of 596 listed firms in Malaysia over the period 2008 to 2015. For the sake of robustness, the institutional setting is considered in this research by gauging the ownership structure. More specifically, this study seeks to determine whether a firm’s ownership structure might have a significant contribution to the value of its defensive strategy. Additionally, the value creation of defensive strategy is compared among family firms, government-linked firms, and foreign firms. This study concludes that defensive strategy, especially retrenchment strategy, has a positive significance on a firm’s excess value. This implies that defensive strategy will improve the firm performance. The reduction of the costs and assets, the efficiency of monitoring structure, the threat of dismissal, and the promotion of stewardship can enhance a firm’s benefits. Low profitability is found to be better for the firm performance. However, the ownership structures of government-linked and foreign firms tend to have a discount value on the excess value when these firms adopt retrenchment actions. The implication of this study lies in two main points. Firstly, it enriches the body of knowledge by showing how an effective defensive strategy creates value, and the role corporate governance plays in that relationship. Secondly, it helps to inform regulator and policymakers about how defensive strategy might have a good corporate governance to create value.     

Resolving the jeopardies of consumer demand: Revisiting demarketing concepts

Demarketing is a way for managers to cope with excess and/or undesirable demand for their products or services. In this article, we revisit the original framework and modify the classification scheme of demarketing concepts introduced by Kotler and Levy to reflect more contemporary issues. Previously, general demarketing topics addressed ways to curb excess demand due to temporary shortages, chronic overpopularity, and product elimination—all from a microenvironmental perspective. Herein, we add macroenvironmental concepts of protective demarketing and preventive demarketing. Formerly, selective demarketing addressed either undesirable or unprofitable consumption of the legitimate product/service; today, however, many firms across several sectors are fighting against the undesirable consumption of illegitimate products/services, such as pirated and counterfeit goods. We thus introduce the notion of combative demarketing. We conducted personal interviews with several industry experts to provide insight regarding current demarketing tools. Our discussions highlighted various measures that managers can employ to manage consumer demand, including using smaller packaging to reduce sugar/fat content, increasing the price of water, limiting visitor access to national parks, and educating consumers to identify counterfeit goods.     

投资者关系管理与企业风险承担*

公司治理的功效不仅体现在提高企业经营业绩上，促进企业科学决策，合理进行风险控制，实现企业的长期稳定发展也同等重要。本文以2012—2017年我国沪深A股上市公司为样本，利用南京大学联合中国证监会开展的投资者关系管理状况调查，实证检验投资者关系管理对企业风险承担的影响。研究发现：（1）投资者关系管理越好的企业，企业承担的风险水平越低，表明投资者关系管理具有自主性治理效应，能抑制企业过多的风险性行为，从而有效降低企业所承担的风险水平。（2）投资者关系管理的这一治理效应在内部和外部监督机制薄弱的企业中更为显著，说明良好的投资者关系管理一定程度上能形成企业内外部监督机制的弥补，从而对企业所承担的风险产生治理作用。（3）投资者关系管理通过抑制企业过度负债和过度投资降低了企业所承担的风险水平，而与此同时，没有证据表明投资者关系管理导致了企业投资不足，从而带来投资效率的损失。（4）CEO财务背景和董秘专业能力的内部因素以及机构投资者调研、网络媒体平台开通的外部因素对于企业投资者关系管理水平具有显著的促进作用。     

Does executive compensation reflect corporate productivity?

Recent literature has given attention to the effect of CEO-specific productivity on the structure of CEO compensation. Our paper instead focuses on the effect of a different productivity factor—which we call “corporate productivity”—on CEO compensation. In particular, we show that corporate productivity affects the trade-off between incentive and risk in a non-monotonic fashion, which the literature has not yet recognized. Using various empirical proxies for corporate productivity, we show that our results are consistent with the non-monotonic relation and thus contribute to the debates in the incentive-risk trade-off literature. Second, our findings also contribute to the internal capital market literature by exploring the relation between the structure of CEO compensation and excess value.