How can we better capture food away from Home? Lessons from India’s linking person-level meal and household-level food data

Despite acknowledged shortcomings, household consumption and expenditure surveys (HCES) are increasingly being used to proxy food consumption because they are relatively more available and affordable than surveys using more precise dietary assessment methods. One of the most common, significant sources of HCES measurement error is their under-estimation of food away from home (FAFH). In 2011, India’s National Survey Sample Organization introduced revisions in its HCES questionnaire that included replacing “cooked meals”—the single item in the food consumption module designed to capture FAFH at the household level—with five more detailed and explicitly FAFH sub-categories. The survey also contained a section with seven, household member-specific questions about meal patterns during the reference period and included three sources of meals away from home (MAFH) that overlapped three of the new FAFH categories.By providing a conceptual framework with which to organize and consider each household member’s meal pattern throughout the reference period, and breaking down the recalling (or estimating) process into household member-specific responses, we assume the MAFH approach makes the key respondent’s task less memory- and arithmetically-demanding, and thus more accurate than the FAFH household level approach. We use the MAFH estimates as a reference point, and approximate one portion of FAFH measurement error as the differences in MAFH and FAFH estimates. The MAFH estimates reveal marked heterogeneity in intra-household meal patterns, reflecting the complexity of the HCES’s key informant task of reporting household level data, and underscoring its importance as a source of measurement error.We find the household level-based estimates of FAFH increase from just 60.4% of the individual-based estimates in the round prior to the questionnaire modifications to 96.7% after the changes. We conclude that the MFAH-FAFH linked approach substantially reduced FAFH measurement error in India. The approach has wider applicability in global efforts to improve HCES.     

浅述操作系统的安全与防范

自计算机诞生以来,它以功能的日益强大为越来越多领域所运用.但随着交流范围和领域的扩大,信息的安全性问题也随之而来.因此,网络安全的问题就成了一个亟待解决的问题.而对操作系统的维护与管理就显得相当重要.     

我国积极财政政策应如何“淡出”

自 1998年开始我国连续 5年实施积极财政政策 ,这一政策在拉动经济增长的同时 ,产生了一些负面效应。对这一结果 ,国内学者说法不一 ,争论的焦点集中在积极财政政策的“淡出”问题上。本文着重说明积极财政政策要想淡出 ,必须满足三个基本条件 ,政府应拿出一整套的政策措施 ,保证这三个条件的实现。只有这样 ,积极财政政策才有可能顺利淡出。     

中英自耕农及其阶层消亡路径的比较研究

中、英历史上都曾经出现了自耕农或自耕农阶层,然而在社会的不断发展中,却各自走出了不同的道路。直到今天,这一历史情况仍然值得我们深省,特别对我们的农地产权制度创新具有重要现实意义。     

On earnings management countermeasures of listing companies in China

This paper overviews earnings management incentive of listed companies, cost in transactions with stockholders and major in researching some countermeasures how management.     

100-day Countdown Celebrated in China

The spring comes,and the summer is not far away.In the approaching green season,China will hold a grand sport meeting,which Chinese and other nations thirst for.Chinese people welcomed the upcoming Olympic Games in various Ways on April 30,100 days ahead of the gala.     

OLYMPICS IN TWO SESSIONS

The counting-down clock is ticking：Beijing Olympic Games are just 4 months away.When China＇s＂Two Sessions＂,the top political sessions,held in the national capital this spring,this heated topic has been inevitably stamped with the remarks among the CPPCC members and N PC deputies.     

用于卫星链路的自适应级联码研究

在Ka频段卫星通信系统中，自适应纠错编码是一种很好的抗衰减措施。本文首先分析了抗衰减措施对自适应纠错编码的要求，提出了用RS码作外码、基于1／2卷积码的可变码率收缩码作内码加交织器构造自适应级联码，并对其原理和性能进行了详细分析。仿真表明该自适应级联码编码增益变化范围可达3～12dB以上，适用于卫星下行链路的自适应纠错编码抗衰减对策。