最高审计机关负责人独立地位的立宪保障——一个宪法文本分析的视角

世界各国通过在宪法文本中规定最高审计机关负责人的产生方式、任职资格、任期、免职、薪俸、兼职禁止等制度,保障最高审计机关负责人的独立地位。最高审计机关负责人由国家元首任命、议会选举或任命、国家元首与议会共同决定的方式产生,其任职资格包括国籍、年龄、品行、资历等方面,任期有终身任期与限制任期制之分。对最高审计机关负责人的免职需要具有法定理由并符合法定程序。最高审计机关负责人有良好的薪俸保障,但在履行职责期间不得兼任行政职务和议会议员,不得兼任其它的营利或有报酬的职务。     

独立董事的独立性影响因素及治理效果研究——基于董事会投票的证据

论文考察了中国上市公司中独立董事相对于公司管理层独立性的影响因素及独立董事的实际治理效果。采用中国独有的强制披露的独立董事对董事会议案投票的数据进行研究,解决了以往研究中的内生性问题。研究发现,独立董事在绝大多数情况下并不会对董事会议案提出公开质疑,然而当公司业绩较差时,独立董事更有可能质疑公司管理层的行为。进一步研究发现,存在异议独董的公司股票收益率在之后两年内会有更加明显的提升,并且存在异议独董的公司正向盈余管理的水平明显低于无异议独董的公司。这表明当公司经营状况不佳时,独立董事自身的监督作用能够得到充分的发挥和体现,并且其监督行为能够提高公司价值和公司的会计透明度。由此可知独立董事制度的设立确实能够对中国的上市公司产生一定的治理效果,具有较为积极的意义。     

论台湾为何是日本野心谋取的重要战略目标

详细分析了我国台湾的重要战略价值,回顾了日本多次侵略台湾的历史事件和日本多次策划“台独”分裂中国的历史事实,最后告诫日本,深刻地反省历史,摆脱“零和思维”,摒弃向外扩张的基本国策。     

西方中央银行独立性与宏观经济表现研究述评

介绍了西方学者对央行独立性的不同定义及研究的理论基础,从理论和实证两个角度分析中央银行独立性同宏观经济运行之间的关系,得出:中央银行独立性与通货膨胀之间的关系比较明确,与其他变量之间的关系仍不能明确界定;中央银行独立性的提升确实能有效降低通货膨胀率,但是抑制通货膨胀不能单独地成为支持中央银行独立性的理论基础;是否提高中央银行独立性应该结合其与物价、就业、经济增长的关系.     

后股权分置时期中国上市公司独立董事激励研究

股权分置改革之前,独立董事制度在中国公司治理中发挥的作用并不理想,原因是多方面的。在后股权分置,完善独立董事制度有了新机遇。独立董事制度本身的不完善给公司治理带来的新的代理问题值得关注,委托代理理论以激励相容来解决该问题。独立董事制度中独立性变量的引入,使得独立董事制度的激励设计不同于激励经理人。除了固定薪金的激励外,声誉激励在独立董事制度中的应用显得格外重要．而独立董事行业协会制度的建立保证了声誉激励的实施。     

财务报表保险(FSI)制度研究综述

财务报表保险(FSI)制度对于会计和保险界来说是一个全新的研究领域,已有研究发现,FSI与SOA2002相比更能有效解决审计师独立性问题,从而提升投保公司的会计信息质量。随之而来的好处是公司治理的改善及资源配置的优化,这对现实经济具有重大意义。本文在论述FSI制度产生背景的基础上,详细综述了国内外理论研究者关于FSI制度的已有研究,最后作出总结并给出了未来研究之方向。     

Non-audit service and auditor independence: an examination of the Procomp effect

This paper examines whether non-audit service provision impairs auditor independence, and whether the degree of auditor independence in Taiwan changed in the wake of the 2004 Procomp scandal. The auditors involved in the Procomp affair were suspended from practice for 2 years and were sued, and we posit that these unprecedented sanctions and litigation affected subsequent auditor behavior. Considering the measurement errors involved in discretionary accruals, we propose an alternative analytic approach in which the dependent variable in the regression analysis is the difference between audited earnings and forecast earnings, scaled by total assets, and the primary independent variable is the non-audit fees ratio. After controlling for the effects of financial leverage, operating and market performance, industry, company size, audit firm size, management forecast error, and management attempts to manipulate earnings, regression analysis indicates that the coefficient for non-audit fees ratio is negative and significant in 2003 but not in 2004. Using non-audit fees instead of non-audit fees ratio to conduct the regression analysis yields similar results. This finding is consistent with the notion that auditors make a trade-off between gaining service fees and avoiding litigation and reputation loss. Limitations and policy implications are also offered.

Valuation of a Credit Swap of the Basket Type

This article provides a simple model to value a credit swap ofthe basket type. Unlike the previous literature, we considerthe joint survival probability of occurrence times of creditevents in terms of stochastic intensity processes under the assumptionof conditional independence. Based on the joint survival probability,such a credit swap can be valued under the risk-neutral valuationframework. Assuming that the default intensity processes followthe extended Vasicek model with a correlation structure, an analyticexpression of the valuation formula is derived. Some numericalexample is given to demonstrate the usefulness of our model.     

Some model-restricted shrinkage estimators for contingency tables with missing data

For contingency tables with extensive missing data, the unrestricted MLE under the saturated model, computed by the EM algorithm, is generally unsatisfactory. In this case, it may be better to fit a simpler model by imposing some restrictions on the parameter space. Perlman and Wu (1999) propose lattice conditional independence (LCI) models for contingency tables with arbitrary missing data patterns. When this LCI model fits well, the restricted MLE under the LCI model is more accurate than the unrestricted MLE under the saturated model, but not in general. Here we propose certain empirical Bayes (EB) estimators that adaptively combine the best features of the restricted and unrestricted MLEs. These EB estimators appear to be especially useful when the observed data is sparse, even in cases where the suitability of the LCI model is uncertain. We also study a restricted EM algorithm (called the ER algorithm) with similar desirable features. Received: July 1999     

浅析国有企业内部审计工作存在的问题及对策

国有企业的内部审计在企业发展中起着重要的作用,它通过对企业内部经济活动的监督与评价,保证会计信息的真实性和及时性,便于管理者正确决策,保护资产安全,提高经济效益．但目前内部审计在机构设置、审计内容、审计方式等方面存在着诸多问题,认真解决这些问题是内部审计作用得以发挥的必要条件。