传统组景序列调查反映的中国古代游憩偏好

中国古代的大量组景序列实例提供了研究中国古代游憩偏好和游憩行为的大量史料.本研究已收集200套组景序列案例,包括中国、日本的实景以及绘画实例.其中已有明确定位的142组中国实景实例,分布在与北宋疆域大致相符的范围内.本研究采用随机选出的100套组景序列共812个单独景观进行分析,显示出自然景现在中国古代游憩欣赏中所占的重要比重,同时表明了中国传统游憩偏好不同于西方的几点特性.     

浅谈中国民族声乐的起源与历史发展

严格地讲,中国古代民族声乐艺术的繁衍发展是从原始的劳动而产生的"号子"开始萌芽,到歌、舞、乐三结合的原始音乐形式的形成,后又演变成歌舞和各种戏曲、杂剧、曲艺及民歌等等,直到歌曲活动成为一门单独的艺术形式的发展过程.从远古时期的劳动号子到唐诗、宋词、元曲、明清的民歌以及戏曲、说唱艺术,各种民族音乐体系都离不开声乐.     

三维软件在园林效果图制作中的应用

笔者根据自己多年的制作园林效果图的经验,从整体分析、建模、材质和贴图、布光到渲染输出、后期处理,详细论述了应用三维软件制作园林效果图的技巧和注意事项,值得从业人员借鉴应用。     

Huntington's disease,critical illness insurance and life insurance

We describe briefly a model of Huntington's disease (HD), a highly penetrant, dominantly inherited, fatal neurological disorder. Although it is a single-gene disorder, mutations are variable in their effects, depending on the number of times that the CAG trinucleotide is repeated in a certain region of the HD gene. The model covers: (a) rates of onset, depending on CAG repeat length as well as age; (b) post-onset rates of mortality; and (c) the distribution of CAG repeat lengths in the population. Using these, we study the critical illness and life insurance markets. We calculate premiums based on genetic test results that disclose the CAG repeat length, or more simply on a family history of HD. These vary widely with age and policy term; some are exceptionally high, but in a large number of cases cover could be offered within normal underwriting limits. We then consider the possible costs of adverse selection, in terms of increased premiums, under various possible moratoria on the use of genetic information, including family history. These are uniformly very small, because of the rarity of HD, but do show that the costs would be much larger in relative terms if family history could not be used in underwriting. We point out some difficulties involved in applying a moratorium that recognises simply a dichotomy between ‘carriers’ and ‘non-carriers’ of any mutation in a gene when these mutations are, in fact, very variable in their effects. These complexities suggest that restrictions on the disclosure, rather than on the use, of genetic information, if it became established as a principle, could deprive insurers of information needed for risk management even if not used in underwriting.     

Networks and Scientific Integrity: Eli Heckscher and the Construction of Economic History in Sweden, 1920–1950

Abstract

This article deals with the US government's efforts to curb the Swedish ball bearing producer SKF's exports to the East early in the Cold War, 1950–1952, and interprets this process within the framework of hegemony theory. In doing this, the article makes use of previously unutilised US archival material. The period up to mid-1951 saw increasing US pressure upon Sweden and SKF to consent to US hegemony by abiding by the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom) embargo. To achieve its objectives US policymakers developed a flexible ‘carrot and stick’ approach, and the article adds considerable detail regarding the US government's handling of SKF. US tolerance and flexibility was dependent upon Swedish consent to American hegemony in Western Europe, which was received through the signing of the Stockholm agreement – a hegemonic apparatus through which Sweden's abidance by the embargo was handled – in mid-June 1951. A small amount of exports was accepted by Washington as long as the main US objective – to deny the Eastern Bloc strategic technology – was adhered to by SKF. The article also reveals the lack of policy coordination in the Swedish government, and the conflicts between the government and SKF regarding the responsibility for adhering to the embargo.     

基于景观偏好理论的大学校园环境建设研究

校园环境从广义上分为物质环境及精神环境，本文将物质环境中的校园景观这一基本要素作为研究的切入点，借用非专家法的心理学模式中的Kaplan景观偏好理论及景观环境偏好矩阵设计调查问卷，以实证的研究方法进行大学校园环境现状调研，并通过数据统计及SPSS软件进行研究分析，试为大学校园环境建设提出优化建议。     

接受美学与城市景观特色塑造

城市景观设计不能简单的停留于功能性美观性的层次上,而更多的应该上升到对受众者的心理,精神需求。接受美学这一方法论对城市特色景观塑造有着积极的启示意义。     

Asset Prices and History: The Case of Austria

Historical events are reflected in asset prices. Looking at Austrian government bond prices traded on the Swiss stock exchange during WWII provides therefore a useful way of interpreting the importance the thousands of people directly and indirectly engaged in stock markets attributed to various war events. An econometric analysis of the relationship between government bond values and events in Austrian history reveals that some generally considered crucial events connected with WWII are clearly reflected in Austrian government bond prices. This holds, in particular for the beginning and the end of the war. The annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938 which seemingly looked as being overwhelmingly and passionately welcomed by the Austrian population negatively affected the evaluation of Austrian government bonds, i.e. it was considered to be to the disadvantage of Austria by the people who put their own personal fortune at risk.     

历史主体和革命主体的“恢复”和“重建”——西方马克思主义主体思想的产生

为了反对第二国际的经济决定论和总结东欧革命失败的原因,早期西方马克思主义者开始着手＂恢复＂和＂重建＂无产阶级的历史主体和革命主体地位。他们以总体性辩证法为逻辑起点,通过主客体辩证法和实践哲学恢复无产阶级的历史主体地位。以唤醒无产阶级的阶级意识作为无产阶级革命的主要路径,走上了一条＂浪漫的反资本主义＂的乌托邦革命道路。     

The times they are not changin’: Days and hours of work in Old and New Worlds, 1870–2000

This paper brings a historical perspective to debates on worktime differences across OECD countries, exploiting new data sets on hours of work per week, and days and hours of work per year between 1870 and 2000. We contest the popular view that the divergence in worktimes between Europe and North America and Australia is a recent phenomenon. Since 1870 the decline in weekly and annual hours was consistently greater in the Old World; the New World has had fewer days off for the last 130 years. Labor power and inequality, held to be important determinants of worktime after 1970, had comparable effects in the period before 1913. We find that given their levels of income in 1870 New World workers supplied relatively too many hours of work.