Transactions,standardisation and competition: Establishing uniform sizes in the British wire industry c.1880

When science could not provide a solution to transaction problems in the British wire industry c.1880, market groups had to negotiate a business solution. This involved converging towards a ‘one-size-fits-all’ standard: a process requiring compromises and cooperation between competitive firms, and solving coordination failure through state intervention. This paper demonstrates how different groups held different notions of ‘ideal’ standards depending on the incentives they faced. Reconciling these differences was an institutional, rather than a technological, process. The paper also analyses why, historically, dominant producers cooperated to set industry standards when faced with an imminent lock-in on ‘wrong’ standards imposed on the industry.     

高职教育目标下《烹饪营养》教学内容的重新构建

在高职教育目标引导下，以职业岗位能力为依据，进行《烹饪营养》课程教学内容的重新构建。在明确了课程性质、地位、作用和分析了原课程内容存在问题的基础上，确立课程教学内容重新构建的原则与思路，形成了以强调实践应用性为主要特点的《烹饪营养》课程新教学内容体系。     

LIBERAL ECONOMICS AND THE RISE OF LAISSEZ‐FAIRE ECOLOGY

The shift in thinking about how to manage national economies and economic systems in the 1980s was part of a broader revolution in intellectual thought. This is seen in ecology, where a shift in thinking about how to manage environments took place at the same time. Traditionally, the environment was viewed in determinist (structuralist) terms, as a system which was susceptible to management and manipulation. Ecosystems were thought to evolve through predictable stages, reaching a climax state. From the late 1980s, ecologists became increasingly convinced that ecosystems, like economic systems, are complex. They argued that while human intervention is often necessary, wherever possible it should be replaced with more natural controls, which can often fulfil policy aims as well if not better than deliberate intervention. Like economies, the best ecosystems are those which largely manage themselves.     

A review of biopsychosocial strategies to prevent and overcome early-recognized poor adherence in growth hormone therapy of children

Abstract

Background:

Adherence to growth hormone (GH) therapy among children is variable and remains a problem, possibly affecting growth outcomes and future health, and having economic consequences.

Objective:

To provide a review of the issues related to poor adherence to GH therapy in children and describe integrative strategies that may improve adherence.

Results:

Poor adherence may be caused by various factors, affecting both the children and their families. The key reasons for adherence difficulties are psychological/emotional problems, social/everyday problems and technical handling issues of the drug delivery device. Correspondingly a broad range of strategies to address adherence to GH therapy often revolve around counseling and education, not just for the patient but also for the family giving care.

Limitations:

This review is intended as a general survey of strategies which could help, in clinical practice, to overcome poor adherence to growth hormone therapy in children; it summarizes the representative literature but it does not aim to be a rigorous database literature search in every aspect.

Conclusions:

If poor adherence is recognized early on during treatment, appropriate steps may be taken to identify barriers that are amenable to change for encouraging the child to adhere to the treatment regimen. A preventative approach may also be considered; for example, doctors could address adherence issues early and train families of children treated with GH to recognize the resources as well as the barriers to adherence. The broad range of different causes for poor adherence demands a great variety of interventions, making it important to individualize optimal treatment behavior. Additionally, economic studies are required to quantify the cost of poor adherence to GH therapy and to show the financial benefits of good adherence.     

浅析忽略物业管理早期介入原因

物业管理早期介入的观点是为了保证物业能正常使用和发挥功能而提出的。通过理解其涵义以及在项目各阶段的工作及角色,分析得到忽略物业管理早期介入原因如下:物业管理早期介入概念远未能普及、回避物业管理的早期介入、物业公司本身缺陷、物业管理经营与房地产开发经营是相互独立且互补的、历史和现实原因形成的陈旧观念。     

URBANIZATION,HEALTH AND HUMAN STATURE

Economic growth has not always generated improvements in a population's health. Biological indicators of human well‐being, including stature, suggest the march to prosperity was not a steady one, and these biological indicators offer estimates of the health costs associated with modern economic growth. We employ an international data set to study the socioeconomic benefits and health costs associated with the transition to modern economic growth during the nineteenth century. We find that while the growth of GDP per capita had a positive impact on the stature of Western populations, prior to the mastery of the germ theory of disease, urbanization had a strong negative impact.     

《营养与健康》课程内容基础框架的构建

通过实践教学,笔者就关于我校《营养与健康》课程内容的构建做简单的阐述。     

新疆地区特色植物油脂的营养分析和发展前景

新疆特产多,特色油料资源丰富,各种特色油脂不饱和脂肪酸成分含量高,并含有维生素、人体必需氨基酸等营养成分,各种油脂的搭配食用,将有利于人体健康。目前,新疆油脂市场品种少,应抓住跨越式发展机遇,加快发展力度,利用新疆本地资源,为广大消费者提供更具营养价值的新疆特色油脂。     

宏观调控与微观干预

宏观调控是近几年出现频率最高的词,然而关于宏观调控的真正内涵却很少有人能说清楚,文章就这一词语的真正内涵及外延进行了探讨.指出宏观调控与政府干预的不同,以及微观干预与宏观调控之区别,并就我国当前宏观调控的任务谈些自己的观点.     

Malnutrition and Child Labor

In pre‐industrial and developing economies, it is common to find (i) entire families, including children, working together in family farms or urban factories; and (ii) a positive link between a person's consumption and her productivity. This paper argues that there is a natural reason for the concurrence of (i) and (ii). As a rule, households are characterized by intra‐household altruism: an increase in the income of an individual increases the consumption of all household members. Hence, when an employer pays an adult worker a high wage to enhance her productivity, part of it ends up augmenting her children's consumption and productivity. One way for the employer to prevent this leakage and internalize the externality is to employ the children as well. This explains the higher incidence of family labor in poor societies where (ii) is more likely to be true.