降低油炸食品吸油率的有效方法

介绍了油炸食品吸油率的影响因素、降低方法及其分析。     

丁二烯自聚物的产生及其阻聚剂的应用

介绍了丁二烯自聚物的种类,分析了其形成机理、产生条件及其爆炸原因.对现有生产装置中使用丁二烯阻聚剂的种类及其优缺点进行了阐述,提出了丁二烯阻聚剂在装置中的应用可以提高其运行周期和经济效益.     

The urban transformation of Italy's Adriatic coastal strip: Fifty years of unsustainability

The study regards the processing of data on urban land conversion along the Italian Adriatic coast in the last 50 years. The results obtained show different aspects of the phenomenon: values were obtained for the average annual speed of transformation of the coastal strip; clustering, dispersion and statistical concentration of the data obtained were studied, which has made it possible to show unparalleled threshold values in the present levels of urbanization; geostatistical surveys were conducted to determine the distribution changes of urban concentration over time; analyses were developed to point out what landscape and morphological elements have emerged, and are tendentially confirming greater sensitivity to land artificialization; a number of comparisons based on specific indicators were produced that show the typological and geographic variations of development taking place in the time period studied; important information has emerged on the different territorial policies implemented by the regions over the long-term. This research has made it possible to investigate one of the largest and most intense land transformation phenomena in Italy which has led to the construction of an urban organism extending along more than 1470 km of coast with very few breaks which, together with railroad and motorway infrastructural elements, forms the longest urban stretch in southern Europe and one of the most extensive in the entire continent. A further result of the work carried out concerned the extraction of data on the remaining coastal stretches, i.e. those not yet affected by urban transformation and thus of extreme importance for policies focused on the preservation of community habitats and the preservation of coastal landscape. In conclusion, it has been possible to draw a map of management responsibilities at the municipal and regional levels for the revision of future urban planning trends in terms of sustainable governance.     

酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌的临床应用

吉非替尼为一种选择性的EGFR一蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,能阻断酪氨酸蛋白激酶信号传导通路,从而促进肿瘤细胞凋亡。它是作为第一个用于肺癌治疗的分子靶向药物,在治疗非小细胞肺癌中拥有其自身的优越性在临床中取得了一定成效,但仍存在很多问题。本文针对吉非替尼靶向治疗非肺癌小细胞肺癌中的优点和所面临的问题进行阐述。     

活性污泥硝化过程的动态响应信号

把pH值在线监测与药品自动投加系统与已开发的混合呼吸测量仪集成,组成自动呼吸-滴定测量仪,同时测得废水生物处理过程溶解氧（DO）、pH、氧气利用速率（OUR）和质子变化速率（HVR）。分别监测了只投加NH4＋-N底物的活性污泥硝化过程和实验室脱氮除碳SBR曝气阶段的DO/pH响应,结果显示,两信号呈一定规律变化,在反应结束时均会出现明显转折点。对比监测只投加NH4＋-N及同时投加COD和NH4＋-N的间歇实验中OUR/HVR响应的结果表明,COD的存在及碳氮比的改变会导致OUR和HVR曲线形状明显不同,对同一间歇实验,OUR和HVR变化趋势基本一致,均可用于表征过程动力学。研究成果为硝化过程动态响应监测、过程控制和模型模拟提供基础资料。     

新疆棉花种植对低碳发展阻力分析

农业生态系统碳汇问题已成为学者们研究的一个热点。该文首先运用李克让的Cd法估算了2000 ～2011年新疆棉花种植过程中的总碳吸收量和单位公顷碳吸收量;其次参照West To全碳分析原理,通过 汇总2000到2011年新疆棉花种植过程中农膜、农药、化肥使用、农用机械使用和灌溉过程带来的碳排放 量得出新疆棉花种植过程中的总碳排放量;再次通过计算碳吸收总量与碳排放总量的差额与棉花种植面积 的比值得到2000～2011年新疆棉花种植过程的净碳吸收量变化情况,即新疆棉花种植过程的低碳发展阻力 状况。最后提出通过加强宣传教育,引导农户正确使用农膜、农药和化肥;改造农用机械,改进节能技术; 加快节水灌溉建设3个方面的措施来降低新疆棉花种植过程中的低碳发展阻力。     

The effect of the length of soaking time on trypsin inhibitor,crude protein and phosphorus contents of soybeans (Glycine max)

A study to determine the effect of soaking soybeans (Glycine max) at different periods of time on trypsin inhibitor, crude protein and phosphorus contents was carried out. The results showed that the length of soaking period had significant effect (P < 0.05) on trypsin inhibitor and crude protein contents. The activities of the trypsin inhibitor were 10% in roasted soybeans, 27.5% in raw and a range of 26.6% for those soaked in water for 24 h to 17.7% for soybeans soaked for 96 h or more, with a standard error of 6.56 on each of the values. The crude protein contents were 41.58% in raw, 31.43% in roasted and a range of 40.05–30.64% for those soaked in water for 24–120 h. The standard error on each value was 5.09%. On the other hand, length of soaking period had no significant effect on phosphorus content. It can be concluded from this that soaking soybeans in water can effectively remove the anti‐nutritional factors. While roasting is better, the use of fire wood may not be encouraged as it has caused a lot of deforestation with consequent occurrence of floods and hence food shortages. Such a good animal husbandry practice can help to improve the health of animals, which can in turn help to improve the health of the population.     

Cost-effectiveness of ceritinib in patients previously treated with crizotinib in anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive (ALK+) non-small cell lung cancer in Canada

Background: To assess the cost-effectiveness of ceritinib vs alternatives in patients who discontinue treatment with crizotinib in anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (ALK+) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from a Canadian public healthcare perspective.

Methods: A partitioned survival model with three health states (stable, progressive, and death) was developed. Comparators were chosen based on reported utilization from a retrospective Canadian chart study; comparators were pemetrexed, best supportive care (BSC), and historical control (HC). HC comprised of all treatment alternatives reported. Progression-free survival and overall survival for ceritinib were estimated using data reported from single-arm clinical trials (ASCEND-1 [NCT01283516] and ASCEND-2 [NCT01685060]). Survival data for comparators were obtained from published clinical trials in a NSCLC population and from a Canadian retrospective chart study. Parametric models were used to extrapolate outcomes beyond the trial period. Drug acquisition, administration, resource use, and adverse event (AE) costs were obtained from databases. Utilities for health states and disutilities for AEs based on EQ-5D were derived from literature. Incremental costs per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained were estimated. Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.

Results: Over 4 years, ceritinib was associated with 0.86 QALYs and total direct costs of $89,740 for the post-ALK population. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $149,117 comparing ceritinib vs BSC, $80,100 vs pemetrexed, and $104,436 vs HC. Additional scenarios included comparison to docetaxel with an ICER of $149,780 and using utility scores reported from PROFILE 1007, with a reported ICER ranging from $67,311 vs pemetrexed to $119,926 vs BSC. Due to limitations in clinical efficacy input, extensive sensitivity analyses were carried out whereby results remained consistent with the base-case findings.

Conclusion: Based on the willingness-to-pay threshold for end-of-life cancer drugs, ceritinib may be considered as a cost-effective option compared with other alternatives in patients who have progressed or are intolerant to crizotinib in Canada.     

Medical cost,incidence rate,and treatment status of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Japan: analysis of claims data

Objectives: Published reports have shown the prevalence and incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is increasing in Japan. The objective of this study is to examine change in GERD incidence, and to understand current patient demographics, medical costs, treatment status, and the suitability of current treatment based on analysis of an insurance claims database.

Methods: An insurance claims database with data on ～1.9 million company employees from January 2005 to May 2015 was used. Prevalence, demographics, and medical costs were analyzed by cross-sectional analysis, and incidence and treatment status were analyzed by longitudinal analysis among newly-diagnosed GERD patients.

Results: GERD prevalence in 2014 was 3.3% among 20–59 year-olds, accounting for 40,134 people in the database, and GERD incidence increased from 0.63% in 2009 to 0.98% in 2014. In 2014, mean medical cost per patient per month for GERD patients aged 20–59 was JPY 31,900 (USD 266 as of January 2016), which was ～2.4-times the mean national healthcare cost. The most frequently prescribed drugs for newly-diagnosed GERD patients were proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Although PPIs were prescribed more often in patients with more doctor visit months, over 20% of patients that made frequent doctor visits (19 or more visits during a 24 calendar months period) were prescribed PPIs during only 1 calendar month or not at all.

Limitations: The database included only reimbursable claims data and, therefore, did not cover over-the-counter drugs. The database also consisted of employee-based claims data, so included little data on people aged 60 years and older.

Conclusions: Given the increasing incidence of GERD in Japan there is a need for up-to-date information on GERD incidence. This study suggests that some GERD patients may not be receiving appropriate treatment according to Japanese guidelines, which is needed to improve symptom control.