Characterizing European cultural landscapes: Accounting for structure,management intensity and value of agricultural and forest landscapes

Almost all rural areas in Europe have been shaped or altered by humans and can be considered cultural landscapes, many of which now are considered to entail valuable cultural heritage. Current dynamics in land management have put cultural landscapes under a huge pressure of agricultural intensification and land abandonment. To prevent the loss of cultural landscapes, knowledge on the location of different types of cultural landscapes is needed. In this paper, we present a characterization of European cultural landscapes based on the prevalence of three key dimensions of cultural landscapes: landscape structure, management intensity, and value and meaning. We mapped these dimensions across Europe at a 1-km resolution by combining proxies on management intensity and landscape structure with new indicators such as social media usage and registered traditional food products. We integrated the three dimensions into a continuous “cultural landscape index” that allows for a characterization of Europe’s rural landscapes. The characterization identifies hotspots of cultural landscapes, where all three dimensions are present, such as in the Mediterranean. On the other hand, Eastern and Northern European cultural landscapes are mostly characterized by only one of the dimensions. Our paper can help to identify pressures to cultural landscapes and thus to target measures for the conservation of these landscapes, to link similar landscapes in different regions, and to inform policy design on the most important characteristics of cultural landscapes at a regional scale.     

涉酸压力容器锻件耐蚀堆焊工艺研究

本文论述了压力容器锻件接管内表面采用自制堆焊装置来确定焊接工艺,以增加内表面的耐蚀性,提高零件的使用寿命,降低生产成本。     

Responsive relationship between energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from the transportation sector and economic growth in Beijing—Based on decoupling theory

Decoupling theory is effective to analyze the interdependence between variables and has been applied in environmental economics. However, most of the previous literature focus on “decoupling” and “recoupling” analysis, while rarely consider their driving factors. This study aims to explore the relationship between transportation CO₂ emissions and economic growth in Beijing from 1995 to 2014 by an extended Tapio elastic analysis, considering the contribution from industrial emission reduction, industrial energy saving, industrial operating efficiency, and industrial development. The entire decoupling state between transportation CO₂ emissions and economic growth changed with time. From 1995 to 2005, the decoupling relationship between transportation CO₂ emissions and economic growth exhibits a fluctuation among expansive negative decoupling, weak decoupling, and expansive coupling. Since decoupling elasticity values among industrial energy saving, industrial operating efficiency and industrial development were variably large and neutralized with each other, interaction of these decoupling elasticities may explain the fluctuation of the entire decoupling effect during this period. During the period from 2006 to 2008, the negative impact of industrial energy-saving elasticity overtook the positive one from industrial operating efficiency elasticity, which leads to worsening in the decoupling state between transportation CO₂ emissions and economic growth. The decoupling state was improved from expansive negative decoupling to weak decoupling after 2008, which can be attributed to policy-oriented practices supporting energy conservation.     

低碳知识的时空扩散与演变特征研究

基于维普中文科技期刊全文数据库中相关文献的时空分布变化,考量我国低碳知识经济扩散的形式、特征规律。结果发现：低碳知识在我国的时间扩散经历了接收、启动、加速、回落四个时期;低碳知识扩散中,政府是主导者,学者是领先者,企业是跟进者、居民是接受者;北京是我国低碳知识的扩散源,城市地位和文化科研实力是重要保障;低碳知识在我国的空间扩散既符合整体规律又表现出差异化。     

城镇化背景下中小城市发展路径及对策研究

在现代经济中,城市是经济的重要载体,中小城市是构筑科学、合理的城镇化体系的重要支撑。要实现中小城市城镇化的科学发展,其经济增长方式必须由粗放型向集约型转变。本文基于对中小城市发展的动力机制及影响因素分析,分别从3个方面探索性的提出,城镇化背景下中小城市发展的路径在于：产业优化升级、就业协同增长和城乡统筹发展,并突出强调了产业优化升级的主导作用。     

居住建筑 CO 2排放量的核算及其影响因素的实证分析

居住建筑作为能耗使用部门中重要的一部分,其节能减排工作对减少CO2排放量有重大意义。本研究利用Bottom－up评估方法对中国居住建筑的CO2排放量进行了核算,并对影响其排放量的经济社会因素进行了指数分解分析。核算结果表明,1996～2011年居住建筑CO2排放量增长了1.12倍,年均增长5.14％。住宅碳排放系数和平均家庭规模变化均使居住建筑排放量减少,而建筑能源强度、人均居住面积和总户数的增加对居住建筑CO2排放量有明显的促进作用。目前增进作用大于减弱作用,最终居住建筑CO2排放量增加。节约用能,提高能源使用效率,改进用能结构,加快城镇化建设,推动社会结构调整等经济社会措施对降低居住建筑CO2排放量有改善效果。     

中国东、中、西地区碳排放空间差异测度及成因研究

碳排放空间差异测度研究对于科学合理地制定我国节能减排政策具有一定的指导意义。本文采用总离差和平均差测度了中国东部、中部和西部三大地区人均碳排放的空间差异,然后基于地区分解和kaya恒等式的总离差因素分解模型分析了差异的来源和成因。研究发现,2000年以来,三大地区人均碳排放量空间差异呈扩大态势,碳排放差异主要来源于地区内部,主要成因是人均GDP ,其次是能源强度和能源结构,其中西部人均GDP的贡献率初期较小但增长迅速。本文研究结论表明,在推进节能减排进程中,除了要优化能源结构和提高能源利用效率外,针对不同地区应制定不同的节能减排政策,体现节能减排政策的差异化。     

我国区域碳排放与经济增长的实证分析——以环渤海、长三角和珠三角地区为例

基于《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》中的碳排放核算方法,测算了2000-2011年环渤海、长三角和珠三角地区的CO2排放量、排放强度、人均排放量和单位面积排放量,从变动趋势、消费结构、相关性三个角度分析了三地区的碳排放和能源消费,并在此基础上提出了降低碳排放量的政策建议。     

我国节能减排政策措施的有效性研究

文章收集了我国1998-2012年间的节能减排政策,在对各节能减排政策措施进行梳理的基础上对各政策措施进行了量化处理,并利用量化数据分析了各政策措施对节能减排效果的影响以及我国政府对各政策措施的使用状况。分析结论主要有:我国政府逐渐加大各种政策措施的使用来推动节能减排,但对不同政策措施的使用程度明显不同,并且不同政策措施对节能减排效果的影响也存在显著的差异。最后从完善政策措施使用和加强政策措施协同等角度提出了相关建议。     

燃煤电厂烟气中汞排放控制技术分析

介绍了煤中汞燃烧后的排放形态,并较为详细地论述了各种汞排放控制技术,同时对烟气脱汞技术进行了展望。认为,加强对汞产生源头控制,加强对新型吸附剂的研究,可以实现大幅度脱除烟气中汞的目标。