网络环境下的大学英语自主学习模式研究

在信息化时代,终身学习成为未来生存的必要条件。本文从自主学习理论出发,探讨了网络自主学习的依据。在此基础上,从创建自主学习环境、确立学生的主体地位和转变教师观念三个方面详述了大学英语网络化自主学习模式的特点,并且指出了其相对于传统教学模式的优势,最后总结出教师要注重培养学生的可持续学习能力。     

Policy Framework for Transition to a Low-Carbon World Economy

Climate change mitigation policy is the most difficult to come before our polity in living memory. There can be no solution without international agreement involving all substantial economies, and yet each country has an incentive to free ride on others. The international agreement must have five parts: agreement on the objective in terms of concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, agreement on allocation of an emissions entitlements budget among countries, agreement on rules for international trade in entitlements, agreement on developed countries taking the lead on development of low-emissions technologies, and agreement on assistance from developed countries for climate change mitigation in developing countries. Two sources of market failure must be corrected to achieve emissions reduction targets efficiently: the external costs of emitting greenhouse gases and the external benefits of private investment in innovation in relation to low-emissions technologies.     

试论西汉农业政策的调整

西汉王朝奉行“以农为本”的基本国策，随着社会状况的改变，农业政策的导向也在做着不断调整。西汉初年，针对流民众多、农业劳动力匮乏的状况，主要采取罢兵革、复田宅、赐爵授田、与民休息等措施保障足够数量的劳动力以恢复农业生产；中期，在连年用兵、国库亏空严重的窘况下，通过更新铁制农具、提高耕作技术等方式提升农业生产率，维持农业的发展；晚期，土地兼并集中的矛盾日益尖锐，政策上以缓和土地兼并为主导。     

Using Information Technology to Improve Customer Service

ABSTRACT

Little guidance exists in the literature with respect to the search for and evaluation of opportunities to use advanced Information Technology to enable outstanding customer service. In this article, the authors integrate existing frameworks to contribute to fill this void. The authors synthesize the Customer Service Life Cycle (CSLC) and the Customer Relationship Change Spectrum (CRCS). CSLC analysis is designed to produce idea generation and to support the creative process of identifying opportunities for IT investment in support of customer service. The CRCS enables managers to evaluate the organizational impact of proposed innovations. The combined framework offers an integrated planning framework spanning idea generation and feasibility analysis that should provide useful to both researchers and practicing managers.     

Effects of Climate Change on Alpine Skiing in Sweden

Climate change has already affected and will continue to affect physical and biological systems in many parts of the world. For example, annual snow cover extent in the northern hemisphere has decreased by about 10% since 1966, and in Sweden, the last decade was wetter and warmer than the preceding 30-year period. These changes will affect many aspects of utilisation patterns that are dependent on the physical environment, such as alpine winter tourism. In this paper, we discuss the future development of the downhill skiing industry in Sweden. We first review trends in alpine winter tourism in relation to climate change together with regional projections of climate change. Secondly, we examine trends in climate parameters relevant to alpine winter tourism in Sweden during the last 30 years. Thirdly, we take these parameters, together with regional projections of climate change, and predict effects on the number of skiing days in order to estimate the monetary loss for the skiing industry in Sweden. The analyses show predicted losses that are larger than current ski-ticket sales. Adaptation strategies such as the development of year-round tourist activities should be developed as soon as possible.     

Consumer behaviour and demand response of tourists to climate change

The influence of climate change on tourism demand patterns will be shaped by the response of tourists to the complexity of mitigation policy and its impacts on transportation systems, the wide range of climate change impacts on destinations, as well as broader impacts on society and economic development. Tourists have the largest adaptive capacity of elements within the tourism system because of their flexibility to substitute the place, timing and type of holiday, even at very short notice. Consequently, understanding tourist perceptions and reactions to the impacts of climate change is essential to anticipating the potential geographic and seasonal shifts in tourism demand, as well as the decline or increase of specific tourism markets. Yet, despite a wide range of publications assessing reactions of tourists to various environmental and climate-related changes, little is actually known about the complexity of demand responses. The paper reviews and discusses existing studies, and provides a framework for a better understanding of perceptions of change, as well as identifying major current uncertainties and research needs.     

基于当地居民感知视角的煤炭资源型城市生态系统服务福祉效应研究——以新泰市为例

研究目的:基于当地居民感知视角,研究分析煤炭资源型城市生态系统服务福祉效应及其与生态系统服务类型、变化趋势及受益者社会经济特征之间的关系。研究方法:采用问卷调查法对煤炭资源型城市不同类型生态系统服务福祉效应进行定量评估;运用数理统计方法确定生态系统服务福祉效应评估的关键因子及影响方式。研究结果:(1)受访者认为研究区生态系统服务基本呈增长趋势,且调节服务和支持服务福祉效应高于供给服务和文化服务;(2)煤炭资源型城市生态系统服务福祉效应与受访者是否居住在采煤沉陷区、年龄、受教育程度以及收入构成等因素显著相关。研究结论:煤炭资源型城市生态系统服务的福祉效应受当地生态系统和社会经济特征的双重制约,基于当地居民感知的生态系统服务福祉效应评估可为该类城市生态系统管理提供科学决策依据。     

A causal analysis framework for land-use change and the potential role of bioenergy policy

We propose a causal analysis framework to increase understanding of land-use change (LUC) and the reliability of LUC models. This health-sciences-inspired framework can be applied to determine probable causes of LUC in the context of bioenergy. Calculations of net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for LUC associated with biofuel production are critical in determining whether a fuel qualifies as a biofuel or advanced biofuel category under regional (EU), national (US, UK), and state (California) regulations. Biofuel policymakers and scientists continue to discuss to what extent presumed indirect land-use change (ILUC) estimates should be included in GHG accounting for biofuel pathways. Current estimates of ILUC for bioenergy rely largely on economic simulation models that focus on causal pathways involving global commodity trade and use coarse land-cover data with simple land classification systems. This paper challenges the application of such models to estimate global areas of LUC in the absence of causal analysis. The proposed causal analysis framework begins with a definition of the change that has occurred and proceeds to a strength-of-evidence approach that includes plausibility of relationship, completeness of causal pathway, spatial co-occurrence, time order, analogous agents, simulation model results, and quantitative agent–response relationships. We discuss how LUC may be allocated among probable causes for policy purposes and how the application of the framework has the potential to increase the validity of LUC models and resolve controversies about ILUC, such as deforestation, and biofuels.     

Behavioural adaptation to climate change among winter alpine tourists: an analysis of tourist motivations and leisure substitutability

Understanding market responses to climate change impacts has important implications for the sustainability of Australia's winter tourism destinations. Utilising a framework incorporating push–pull tourist motivations and the theory of leisure substitutability, this study sought to explore how winter tourists in Australia will adapt to changes in snow cover in Australia's alpine regions under future climate change scenarios. The results of a questionnaire completed by 231 respondents indicated that tourist motivations were related to behavioural adaptation, and that there is a general preference among the current winter market for spatial substitution in the event of poor snow. Those motivated by recreation specialisation or snow-related attributes were likely to opt for spatial substitution, while tourists motivated by self-expression and après ski activities displayed resilience to poor snow conditions. The results demonstrate a clear division between leisure-driven tourists who valued participation in sport, and experience-driven tourists, who displayed higher resilience to reduced snow under projected climate change scenarios. These results have practical implications for winter tourism destinations, both in terms of targeting experience-driven tourists in the case of reduced snow as well as the longer term sustainability and viability of winter tourism destinations.     

气候变化对农户生计的影响研究综述

气候变化是21世纪人类面临的最严峻挑战之一,加剧了许多国家和地区的脆弱性,对以自然资源为生计基础的农业人口的影响尤为显著,明确气候变化对农户生计的影响,对于制定有效的气候变化适应政策,增强农户的气候变化适应能力,减轻农村贫困人口生计脆弱性具有重要意义。目前,国内外围绕气候变化对农户生计影响开展了许多研究,主要集中在过去或当前气候变化对水资源、土地、农作物、病虫害、人类健康等农户生计资本的宏观影响以及局地或区域尺度上气候变化对农户生计策略选择的影响等方面。从发展趋势看,亟需开展气候变化对农户生计的影响机理及适应机制研究,建立合理的气候变化对农户生计影响的评估框架,加强对模拟、分析和预测气候变化及其与其他压力相结合对农户生计要素的可能影响进行广泛评估,科学把握农户生计对气候变化脆弱性的关键影响因素,这对人类科学地适应气候变化和促进人类福祉和恢复力的提升具有重大的科学价值和现实意义。