我国对外工程独立保函法律规则冲突解决的思考

对外工程市场中独立保函的使用引起了法律规则的变化，我国也相应地出台司法解释以解决独立保函的争议。我国独立保函规则体系在定义、限制、保函欺诈认定等方面与其他国家法律、国际惯例等有不同之处，使涉外保函争议适用法律会产生冲突的结果，出现这一问题的根本原因在于担保法律基础理论和司法管辖权的独立性。为了解决这一问题，我国应统筹推进国内与涉外法治的协调发展，在遵循独立保函市场规则生成的法理基础上，不应放弃对该类案件的司法管辖权，应进一步完善关于独立保函的实体性规则。参与独立保函的我国各类主体也应采取一定的措施积极地防范工程建设的法律风险。     

PPP项目控制权转移机制研究*——基于探索性多案例的分析

提高民营企业参与PPP项目的控制权是激发民营企业创新活力、降低运营成本的重要举措。民营企业参与PPP项目的过程，实质是政府让渡控制权与企业获取控制权的动态博弈过程。本文从合作治理的视角，以同一家民营企业参与的两个城市公用事业PPP项目为研究对象，提炼影响城市公用事业PPP项目控制权转移的关键要素，采用探索性多案例研究方法，挖掘民营企业参与PPP项目的控制权转移机制，发现政府制度能力、企业动态能力、市场竞争强度是影响控制权转移的关键要素，政企关系对上述三类影响路径起到积极的调节作用。相应的，民营企业参与PPP项目的控制权转移存在三条基本路径，即能力转移、关系转移和市场转移。本研究不仅丰富了PPP项目控制权的研究成果，还可以为提高民营企业参与PPP项目的控制权提供指导与借鉴。     

When bigger is better: Investment volume drivers in infrastructure public-private partnership projects

This research studies the factors that favour the establishment of high-investment infrastructure public-private partnership (PPP) projects. We analyse 9121 PPPs, hosted in 107 developing countries, in the period 1997–2017. We find that PPP projects adopting contractual forms in which the private party takes more risks, awarded through competitive methods and benefitting from indirect government support programmes, are characterized by a larger investment volume. A more business-friendly economy and robust institutions configure the most conducive environment to establish larger investment PPPs. Furthermore, multilateral development banks’ support of the projects relates positively to their investment volume.     

基于熵权法和逼近理想解排序法的新能源发电项目投资决策评价

新能源发电项目的投资建设是构建清洁低碳、绿色高效新型能源体系的重要支撑。本文针对新能源发电项目投资决策评价问题，采用定量指标与定性指标相结合的原则，建立了包含技术效益和经济效益的指标体系。在此基础上，以熵权法（entropy weight method, EWM）确定指标权重，建立基于逼近理想解排序法（technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution, TOPSIS）的评价模型，经IEEE 39节点系统的算例测试验证了此方法的可行性和有效性。结果表明，该方法能综合衡量影响新能源发电项目投资的各指标因素，可为新能源发电项目投资决策评价提供参考依据。     

“十三五”期间我国组织或共同发起的国际大科学计划和大科学工程发展状况与对策

国际大科学计划/工程兼具科学属性与工程属性。组织实施该类计划或工程是一个国家的科技实力与国际竞争力的重要体现。我国曾大量参与国际大科学计划和大科学工程，不过发挥牵头和主导作用的却寥寥无几。国务院印发的《“十三五”国家科技创新规划》对组织实施国际大科学计划和大科学工程作出战略部署。本文在对“十三五”时期我国牵头组织国际大科学计划、大科学工程的成效与影响进行总体评估的基础上，分析实施过程中存在的问题与挑战，并对我国“十四五”时期如何加强国际大科学计划和工程提出政策建议，以期为提高我国的科技创新能力提供启示。     

对地质调查项目支出绩效评价的思考

大力推进预算绩效管理对地质调查工作具有重要意义。当前地质调查项目支出绩效评价工作尚存在的以下问题:一是对绩效评价工作重视不够,绩效评价基础工作薄弱;二是绩效目标没有被细致分解,绩效指标设置过于简单;三是赋分存在很大的随意性,自评得分欠合理;四是突发事件给绩效目标的实现带来很大困难。下一步应从加强绩效评价顶层设计、完善绩效评价指标体系、完善绩效目标的动态调整机制、落实好绩效运行监控、严管项目支出绩效自评工作、强化绩效评价结果协同应用方面着手,建立科学规范、约束有力的地质调查项目绩效管理制度,以保障中央资金在地质事业投入领域的配置效率,促进地质调查事业健康发展。     

财政科研项目管理政策对提升专利质量的影响及其机制研究

高质量专利是支撑国家实现创新发展的战略性资源。通过梳理专利质量、专利价值与科技创新活动的关系，明晰政府在提升专利质量中的定位和作用。基于基本政策工具和科技成果价值链构建二维分析框架，梳理评估现有政策及运行情况，研究影响科技创新产出专利质量的因素，找准制约提升科技创新专利质量的财政科技管理体制的瓶颈。为完善财政科技项目管理体制，提升专利质量提供具体的政策建议。     

The entanglement of time and cost deviations in public projects

There is growing concern regarding cost and time overruns in public projects. However, despite the extensive literature on the subject, there is relatively little research on the impact of time overruns on cost overruns. This study assesses whether larger time deviations can lead to larger cost deviations. Our hypothesis is that a project with a time overrun is more likely to also have a cost overrun. The authors used a sample of 208 projects in Portugal, with data collected from the Portuguese Court of Auditors. Using the data, a number of econometric models were developed: Ordinary Least Squares, Generalized Linear Model, Tobit, and Probit. The instrumented variables and structural equation modelling techniques were applied to address potential endogeneity in the data. The analysis was controlled for factors such as political, governance, economic, and project variables. The results suggest that larger time deviations are associated with larger cost deviations. The inference is that projects that take longer to complete also tend to suffer from cost overruns.     

Fertility Effects of Labor Market Conditions at Graduation

This study examines how individuals' fertility outcomes were affected by the labor market conditions they experienced at graduation. Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey, it finds that poor labor market conditions at graduation delayed individuals' entry into parenthood. Higher unemployment rates at graduation reduced the probability of having at least one child in the survey year for both men and women. The negative fertility effects generally followed a U-shape, reached the maximum around average childbearing ages, and faded out within 15 years after graduation. Low-skilled workers mainly contribute to the negative fertility effects observed in the whole sample. Employment and marital outcomes are also analyzed as potential mechanisms. Estimation results indicate that individuals who experienced poor labor market conditions at graduation delayed marriage and the birth of the first child due to a lower probability of being employed, reduced working hours, and adverse income shocks. The negative long-term fertility effects should be brought to policymakers' attention, especially when China's low fertility issue worsens. Policymakers are expected to create more favorable employment conditions for labor market entrants to encourage fertility and expand the future working-age population.     

省级自然科学基金项目绩效评价——以2007-2009年度湖南省杰出青年基金和重点项目为例

地方自然基金项目作为科技计划的重要组成部分，在开展具有地方特色的自然科学基础研究和应用研究方面发挥着重要作用。通过设计科技计划项目的绩效评价方法，对2007-2009年度湖南省自然科学基金的杰出青年基金项目和重点项目进行绩效评价，并提出了若干政策建议。