废旧电池的污染与回收利用的研究

废电池中的重金属威胁着人类健康和生存环境.本文介绍了电池的种类和组成,对废旧电池中金属可回收价值进行讨论,并对其回收方法进行研究.     

产权制度变革与污染权的优化配置

产权的作用机制在于产权制度使财产所有者有动力关心财产的使用和增值,使所有者的努力程度与财产收益正相关。对于不断发生“公共物悲剧”现象,应科学界定环境污染的初始产权,完善环境污染权的交易制度,以实现资源的优化配置。     

An empirical analysis of air pollution emissions policy for the U.K. residential sector

In this paper an analysis of the U.K. government's air pollution emissions policy for the residential sector is undertaken. The analysis covers emissions arising from water and space heating, electric appliances and cooking appliances. Using an integrated economic-engineering model, the effects of the Energy Savings Trust and the imposition of Value Added Tax on residential fuel will be evaluated in terms of energy consumption and pollution emissions. It is found that the initial proposed policy was not sufficiently stringent to meet the government's environmental objectives, and that subsequent events have undermined the government's programme even further. Unless alternative policies are introduced, emissions from the residential sector will play an important role in jeopardizing the ability of the U.K. government to meet its international obligations.     

排污税在循环经济发展初期推进效用的经济分析

循环经济发展的实质是在将环境治理成本计入生产成本的情况下,理顺产品的价格和供给数量。在循环经济发展的初期,单独使用征收排污税的方法对循环经济没有推进效用。在政府面临既要提高企业循环生产的积极性,又要避免产品出现剧烈的价格波动引起信用危机的两难境地的情况下,政府应探索多种方法推进循环经济发展。     

Uniform and Non-Uniform Second-Best Input Taxes

We investigate second-best, input-based taxes foragricultural nonpoint pollution control when marketprices are endogenous and production isheterogeneous. Theoretically, we derive the optimalforms of taxes which take account of heterogeneity(non-uniform taxes) and a tax which does not (auniform tax). Empirically, we use a multi-factor,market-equilibrium simulation model to determineoptimal tax rates and associated equity effects,particularly differences in landowner gains/lossesacross a heterogeneous region. When market prices areendogenous, second-best tax policies result inpecuniary externalities that affect existingenvironmental externalities. In particular, thepecuniary externalities amplify the effect of producerheterogeneity on determination of sub-regionaldifferences in tax rates and returns to land,particularly for the uniform policy. With endogenousprices, the uniform tax rate is considerably higherthan any of the non-uniform rates and, ironically, thenon-uniform taxes result in less dispersion oflandowner gains across sub-regions than the uniformtax.     

The Siting of Hazardous Waste Facilities in Federal Systems: The Political Economy of NIMBY

This paper offers a new political economy explanation for thepervasive problem of siting hazardous waste treatment facilitiesin federal system. We first show that a decentralized systemyields the first-best waste treatment capacity level and that acentralized structure gives rise to free-riding behavior amonglocal jurisdictions. In our model, each community seeks toinfluence the central government through political contributions.This leads to suboptimal levels of treatment capacity. Thecapacity is increasing in the compensation level if the marginalbenefit of treatment capacity is sufficiently large, and in thegovernment's weight on aggregate social welfare relative tolobbying activities. The centralized system can replicate thedecentralized system with a sufficiently high compensation level.Since compensation has proved difficult, a centralized systemfaces greater obstacles than a decentralized system.     

铅盐生产企业周围环境中铅污染状况及防治方法

通过对铅盐生产企业周围生态环境的调查,发现这些企业周围的土壤、大气、水、底质等环境均受到不同程度的污染,卫生防护距离也达不到环保要求,周围居民生活环境受到威胁.针对污染的特征,提出了铅盐生产企业周围环境中铅污染防治方法.     

International Cooperation Behind the Veil of Uncertainty – The Case of Transboundary Acidification

The complexities of international environmental problems are only poorly understood. Hence, decision makers have to negotiate about abatement measures even though they do not know the 'true' model of the ecological system and have only a rough idea about the costs and benefits of their action. It will be analysed to what extent this kind of 'model uncertainty' – where players do not only have incomplete information about the payoff functions of the other players, but also about their own payoff function – affects the prospects of international cooperation. Using a simple game-theoretic model, it is shown how countries can use the veil of uncertainty to hide their distributional interests. The arguments are based on a deviation from the common prior assumption, which seems particularly questionable in a setting comprising various countries with different cultural and scientific backgrounds. Finally the model will prove useful to quantitatively and qualitatively illustrate the central role of model uncertainty in the negotiations of the first Sulphur Protocol signed to combat transboundary acidification.     

论环境与经济的可持续发展

分析了当前在经济发展中存在的严重的环境问题,指出了这些问题的根源在于市场和政府的失灵,解决的办法是:运用价格机制引导市场配置各类要素资源,通过税收政策保护环境,通过经济激励保护环境,通过多方筹资加大环保投入,通过宣传教育促进全民环保。     

对重大环境污染事故罪的探讨

20世纪70年代以来，我国环保工作由于政府的重视而逐渐进入了法制的轨道，大量关于环境保护的法律法规相继出台；但目前仍存在大量的环境污染和环境破坏问题，这给社会经济发展和人民生命财产造成了严重危害。为了适应惩治环境犯罪的需要．重大环境污染事故罪作为新增罪名被写入97刑法中。目前法学界对该罪仍存争议，从犯罪构成要件入手对本罪主、客观要件作一些探讨具有现实意义。