俄罗斯原油项目税率计算公式调整规律分析

俄罗斯原油项目税收以矿税和关税为主,通常情况下这两项税收额占项目税收总额的80%~90%。梳理2002年以来俄罗斯这两类税收计算公式的调整情况,结合2004年8月以来乌拉尔油价、卢布汇率以及俄罗斯消费价格指数(CPI)变化,通过统计分析发现:尽管国际油价大幅波动,通过俄罗斯政府对原油项目财税税率计算公式的调整,以卢布计价的俄罗斯原油项目在征收矿税和关税后单桶收益增长与俄罗斯消费价格指数指标增长同步,并没有随国际油价大幅震荡,证明俄罗斯石油项目上游投资具有财税风险较低、投资收益稳定的特征。中国公司在对俄进行石油上游业务投资时,既要认清其石油税收方面的潜力,还要防范汇率波动的风险。     

碳关税:新的绿色贸易壁垒抑或WTO环境保护豁免

有鉴于国际气候变化谈判和条约制定屡遭挫折这一事实,WTO现行法律规则和争端解决机制能够成为判断并纠正单边环境立法行使贸易保护主义之实的有力救济。在判定碳关税是否构成隐形的"绿色壁垒"时,GATT第20条(g)款以及前言部分的规定最有可能成为争端解决机构运用的根本性指标。要获得WTO环境保护条款的豁免,碳关税在设置和实施过程中需符合一系列严格的法律要求。同时,中国出口产品在遭遇发达国家碳关税壁垒时,亦可根据该条款有针对性的质证该措施的立法动机和具体实施环节。归根结底,中国应积极运用WTO法律规则和争端解决机制,保障本国出口产品市场的稳定性和可预期性。     

Market Share Delegation and Strategic Trade Policy

Strategic delegation analysis has been limited to sales delegation cases, until Jansen et al. (International Journal of Industrial Organization 25:531–539, 2007) presented the case of market share delegation. In international trade theory, export rivalry and import protection have always attracted considerable attention. This paper assesses the influence upon optimal trade policy of introducing market share delegation in a trade duopoly context. It shows that delegation matters, and different forms of delegation coupled with asymmetric costs will imply different degrees of government intervention.

关税与经济增长模型在中国的实证分析

关税政策旨在通过关税的调节来调整进出口的数量和种类,进而影响国家经济增长和人民生活水平。改革开放以来,我国关税税率持续下调,加入世界贸易组织后关税水平进一步下降。国外学者对关税调整如何影响经济增长有很多研究。本文运用DREXE大学Constantious Syropoulos教授的基本观点,结合我国实际数据,构建回归模型,验证了关税对长期经济增长的影响机制,并对关税政策制定提出了一定的政策建议。     

基于演化博弈的和谐社会构建模型分析

经济学在社会科学中的主导性地位决定了经济和谐是和谐社会构建的基础。以"理性经济人"假设为基础的正统经济理论与和谐社会的本质内容存在着一定程度的差异性,因而不能够为和谐社会的存在性构建起科学的理论体系,而行为经济学为和谐社会的实现提供了现实性的理论依据。互惠性偏好是行为经济学的基础性假设之一,基于互惠性偏好的个体行为博弈可以改善博弈双方的经济利益,从而为演化博弈环境下群体经济行为从自利型向互惠型的演化创造了条件,最终为经济学视角下和谐社会微观经济理论体系的构建提供了坚实的理论基础。     

再论产业结构合理化的评判标准

产业结构合理化是产业结构理论研究中的重要内容。首先通过分析学术界对产业结构合理化内涵的不同定义,给出了一种新的界定方法,提出合理的产业结构应该具有相对性、动态性和容许性三个特征;继而使用模糊集的方法,构造了合理的产业结构的总供需所应隶属的容许区间;最后讨论了二者之间的互动关系。     

《巴黎协定》生效后碳关税法律制度设计及对策

《巴黎协定》生效后,欧盟、美国等可能通过对进口产品实施碳关税或碳边境调节税,协调环境、气候贸易壁垒将成为国际贸易法领域新的焦点。但是目前国际贸易法框架下碳关税是否具有合法性尚无定论。未来碳关税的法律制度设计将由不符合WTO规则的"过程税"到符合WTO规则的"产品税"转变,遵循诚信磋商、公平和正当程序、设计灵活等原则,可能符合GATT第20条环境例外规则。为此,中国应坚持"区别责任"原则,积极推动建立多边碳减排机制,抵制单边贸易保护主义,合理利用WTO规则解决争端。     

Dynamics of economic efficiency in tariff and trade

When the efficiency losses or gains as a result of an ad valorem import tariff are accounted for, the exisiting literature compares the equilibrium states before and after the tariff. However, after the imposition of an ad valorem tariff, the cost of the foreign producer to sell in the domestic market jumps upwards by the extent of the ad valorem tariff. This affects the quantity of imports, and the market is no longer in the initial equilibrium. The market then adjusts and after some efficiency loss, a new equilibrium state is arrived at. The mechanism of price adjustment has a basis of lack of coordination among buyers and sellers at the exisiting prices. The economic efficiency loss when the market is out of equilibrium is not taken into consideration in the literature, while deriving an optimal ad valorem tariff rate. In this article, an optimal ad valorem tariff schedule has been derived. From optimality, it should be construed that the economic efficiency losses get minimised when the market is adjusting and also during the equilibrium. A revenue constraint has to be met in addition.     

我国与东盟非关税措施比较研究

随着国际环境的不断复杂化，非关税措施对我国及东盟的国际贸易牵制越来越强。掌握非关税措施对我国国际贸易的影响及我国非关税措施的构成，科学运用非关税措施应对国际贸易争端和摩擦至关重要。运用比率指标法中的影响强度、影响面和影响额三个指标探讨非关税措施对我国和东盟各国进出口贸易及不同进出口产品的影响。同时，对我国及东盟各国的非关税措施现状进行比较分析，并在国际标准下依托规范措施等指标对我国和东盟各国的非关税措施情况进行比较研究，最后给出合理化运用非关税措施的建议。     

Trade liberalization in environmental goods

Trade negotiations have started to pay attention to liberalization in environmental goods (EGs), whose production may require dirty intermediate goods. We construct a two-country trade model to explore the effects of trade liberalization in EGs on the local pollution, the global environment and welfare in the presence of such an environmental conundrum. We find that countries do not necessarily benefit from trade liberalization in EGs in the absence of an environmental policy. With the assistance of an upstream pollution tax, trade liberalization in EGs improves each country's welfare. This result holds independent of whether the upstream market is competitive or not, or whether we have upstream trade across countries. For asymmetric countries, trade liberalization in EGs improves the world welfare and the welfare for the country if it has a smaller demand for EGs; or experiences less damage from the production of dirty inputs; or values environment improvement more.