Welfare improving licensing with endogenous choice of prices versus quantities

This paper investigates the endogenous choice of prices versus quantities by taking into account patent licensing where the patent holder, which is itself a producer within the industry, licenses its cost-reducing innovation to the rival firm through a two-part tariff contract. For substitute products we find that both Cournot and mixed price-quantity competition may constitute the equilibrium outcomes, depending on the innovation size. Contrary to the results in Fauli-Oller and Sandonis (2002), we show that the optimal licensing contract definitely leads to an increase in social welfare. Our result reinforces the positive welfare effect of patent licensing.     

The role of processing trade in exporters' responses to exchange rate: Evidence from China

Processing trade is an important exporting mode for many countries developed by the export-oriented industrialisation such as 1960s Japan, 1990s Korea and 2000s China. Exporters who rely on processing trade for foreign profits do not enjoy much market power, and hence care more about exchange rate changes. We develop a model to illustrate how processing trade affects exporters' responses to exchange rate fluctuations. The model suggests that the elasticity of export price with respect to exchange rate for processing-trade exporters is greater than that of the ordinary-trade exporters, while the elasticity of export quantity of processing-trade exporters is smaller compared to their ordinary-trade counterparts. Most developing countries' governments offer processing-trade exporters better tax/tariff reduction policy to encourage exporting, which grants processing-trade exporters additional advantage to adjust more on export price and less on quantity when facing changes in exchange rate and therefore causes their different responses to exchange rate fluctuations. We find strong empirical supports by studying the data from China, which is the largest developing country and biggest processing-trade exporter.     

欧共体并网光伏系统上网电价对我国的启示

分布式发电能够显著影响电力系统,显著提高服务质量及配电网能效。目前由于全球应对气候问题及发电燃料价格的增长,支持政策相继出台,光伏系统发电及其他可再生能源发电系统的产量逐渐增加。本文分析了欧盟国家（法国、德国、意大利、西班牙）的光伏产业支持政策及上网电价实施情况,在此基础上提出我国并网光伏系统上网电价政策建议,为相关部门提供决策参考。     

反倾销是否成为替代关税的贸易政策——基于印度反倾销的证据

对印度反倾销申诉样本构成、金额进行统计分析后,发现被诉中国、中国台湾和欧盟的影响较大。实证分析发现印度反倾销申诉对被诉方出口贸易的影响不尽相同。但征收关税和实施反倾销措施都会导致被诉方涉案产品出口贸易额的减少,即均存在贸易破坏效应,比较关税与反倾销措施的影响,发现反倾销措施对印度进口贸易的限制作用均远大于关税,表明反倾销措施已经成为印度替代传统关税控制进口的贸易政策。同时,印度反倾销措施还对被诉方出口具有贸易转移效应,使被诉方出口市场丧失。     

台湾对大陆产品提高关税的理论模型分析——从要素收入分配扭曲效应出发的研究

台湾如果对大陆产品提高关税会扭曲岛内要素收入分配的格局。本文在一个使用两种生产要素资本和劳动并生产两种商品高技术产品和机制品的一般均衡模型中,考察短期内和长期内上述关税提高会对两种要素的收入产生怎么样的影响。本文的理论分析得出的结论是:就劳动的收入工资来说,短期内两个部门的工资都在提高,但长期内未被保护的高技术产品部门的工资反而会降低;就资本的报酬来说,短期内被保护部门机制品的资本报酬有所提高,而没有被保护部门的资本报酬反而会降低。因此,台湾提高进口关税的这种要素收入分配效应,不利于自己优势产业的发展,ECFA的实施有其经济学理念基础。     

居民水价递增阶梯结构与政策效应研究

This article takes the price structure of two-levels as a case study to analyze the relationship between the threshold or price of the tariff and IBTs’ policy effects,in which residents’ expenditure on water is also discussed .It shows that both the threshold and price affect the policy effects,and the volatility of residents’ expenditure on water depends on the demand intensity of consumers.     

我国甘蔗糖贸易亟须厘清解决的三个问题

我国加入世贸组织对农业生产的冲击和影响逐渐显现,特别是食糖产业出现了三个亟须厘清解决的问题。一是食糖进口配额不能增加而且必须根据国际惯例提高关税税率;二是中国赴海外全资收购的糖企其产品应该参与国外市场竞争而不应低价销往国内;三是面对国际扭曲的食糖市场政府应该发挥积极作用以解决国内外食糖价差。     

An Empirical Investigation of the Ratchet Effect in the OECD, 1985–2009

This paper employs a reduced form structuralist model of inflation in the OECD over the period 1985–2009 to find out whether domestic prices respond symmetrically to rising and falling import prices. We find that the response is asymmetrical: domestic prices rise when import prices rise but they do not fall when import prices fall. Our finding thus confirms the presence of a ratchet effect in the sample countries during the sample period, and implies that factors – such as exchange rate fluctuations and movements in tariff rates – that influence import prices tend to be inflationary.     

ENDOGENOUS TRANSFER PRICES,TARIFFS, AND A HOST COUNTRY DUOPOLY

This article examines the impact of transfer-price effects on the interaction between a multinational firm and a domestic duopolist in the presence of resale-price restraints. The transfer-price effects have a direct impact on the strength of the strategic relationship between the multinational firm and the domestic firm. The transfer-price effect may give rise to an "anti-protective" tariff increase, wherein an increase in the tariff rate increases optimal host-country sales of the multinational firm and reduces the optimal sales level of the domestic firm. These results are valid with Cournot quantity-competition as well as a Stackleberg duopoly with either firm as the leader.     

Introducing Nonlinear Pricing into Consumer Choice Theory

Introducing nonlinear pricing into the teaching of consumer choice theory would provide an extension that introduces the student to a ubiquitous phenomenon and would enable the instructor to develop some interesting behavioral results. After distinguishing linear and nonlinear pricing, the authors derive the tariff, the consumer budget equation, and some behavioral implications for various nonlinear pricing policies. They show, among other things, that under some forms of nonlinear pricing, after a price rise people may buy more of a commodity or more of a commodity than would have been bought under linear pricing. They note some complications arising in the treatment of quantity discounts and premia.