经理管理防御对企业研发投资的影响

以2009-2014年我国A股上市公司为研究样本,采用回归分析方法探讨经济转型期经理人对企业研发投资水平的影响。将管理防御划分为管理者个人人力资本特征、激励特征和监督特征3个维度,每个维度选取一些特征变量分析其对企业研发投资水平的影响机理和经验证据。采用全样本实证研究发现：经理人年龄和工作转换成本与企业研发投资水平负相关,经理人任期与研发投资水平呈倒U型关系,其它特征变量如受教育程度、经理人年薪报酬、经理人持股比例、独立董事比例和股权制衡度与研发投资水平正相关。区分样本公司产权性质后实证发现,经理人年龄、任期和两职兼任仅在国有企业显著影响企业研发投资水平,在非国有企业其关系不成立。提供了不同产权性质企业经理人驱动因素对企业研发投资水平的影响机理和证据。应通过调整驱动因素降低经理人水平,提高企业研发投资水平,实现企业技术创新战略目标。     

Perceived travel risks: the traveller perspective and manageability

Although a large number of studies both in and out of the tourism literature have examined perceived risk, the risk categories utilized are often too broad and are not generated from the perspective of current and potential travellers. This deficiency in the travel research is addressed in this study by asking more than 2,000 respondents to identify their concerns when travelling. All respondent concerns were content analyzed to derive ten travel‐specific risks and the relationship of the identified risks with demographic characteristics of the respondents was examined. The identification of these potential and actual traveller‐driven travel‐risks allows tourism officials to better understand how to respond to alleviate traveller concerns and encourage travel. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Travel motivations of Japanese senior travellers to Thailand

This study applies the conceptual framework of push and pull motivations to investigate travel motivations of Japanese senior travellers to Thailand. Using factor analysis, three push and four pull factor dimensions are identified. The three push factors are labelled ‘novelty and knowledge‐seeking’, ‘rest and relaxation’ and ‘ego‐enhancement’, while the four pull factors are ‘cultural and historical attractions’, ‘travel arrangements and facilities’, ‘shopping and leisure activities’ and ‘safety and cleanliness’. Among them, ‘novelty and knowledge‐seeking’ and ‘cultural and historical attractions’ are regarded as the most important push and pull factors respectively. The results of multiple regression analysis indicate that psychological well‐being (i.e. positive affect) and education are the two factors influencing travel motivations of Japanese senior travellers to Thailand. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

私营企业员工激励机制的几点讨论

私营经济是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，但是，激励机制不健全一直是困扰私营经济进一步发展壮大的重大问题。本文分析了私营企业员工的激励机制现状，指出了存在的主要矛盾，并对建立有效的私营企业员工激励机制提出了几点看法。     

U.S. tourist destinations: A history of desirability

This study supplies a ranking of the most desirable tourist destinations for US travelers from 1907 through 1980, as gauged from a content analysis of travel-related advertisements appearing in two national magazines; Harper's Monthly and National Geographic. The amount of advertising space that features each destination is calculated, and from these totals the rankings of desirable destinations are derived. Maps and accompanying narrative give external validity to the content analysis, while use of consistent coding forms provides reliability. Listings of frequently visited areas accompany each map and narrative, and these in turn generally agree with those developed from the advertisements.     

Short haul business travel in the European Union: a segmentation profile

Business travellers tend to be charged a premium for the air services they consume due to the nature of demand, and therefore represent a potentially high source of revenue to airlines. Airlines are keen to secure and maintain executive travel business. The research investigates the short haul business air travel market in Europe, using a conceptual benefit segmentation model that addresses the industrial nature of the market. Three distinct market segments are identified; the schedule driven segment, the corporate cog segment, and the informed budgeter segment. A profile of these market groupings is given and implications for marketing strategy discussed.     

An international travel Demand model US Travel to Western Europe

This paper examines international travel demand between the United States and Western Europe. A complete system of demand equations is estimated to obtain expenditure and price elasticities of the demand for travel. The results allow the classification of regions of Western Europe as substitutes or complements according to the preferences of travelers. It is found that Americans view Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, and Portugal as “luxury destinations” that might expect to receive an increasing share of the traveler's budget. The price elasticities are relatively low for France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. France and the U.K eexhibited high price substitution effects as did France and Germany. Travel to most other countries might be classified as complementary with respect to travel to France and substitutes with respect to the U.K.     

The grand tour travel as an educational device 1600–1800

Brodsky-Porges, Ned, The Grand Tour: Travel as an Educational Device: 1600–1800. Annals of Tourism Research 1981, VIII(2): 171–186. This paper discusses various factors such as religion and health, which influenced the development of the Grand Tour. It examines the early philosophy of travel as an educational device, from the medieval period to the subsequent development of a formal and ritualized process by which the rich and near rich sons of England embarked on a prescribed trip to finish their education. The purposes, motivations, routes, and the students themselves underwent profound changes in the two hundred years between 1600–1800. The Grand Tour eventually evolved to what is presently known as tourism.     

Incentive Efficiency of Stock versus Options

This paper examines the relative incentive costs of using stockversus options in management incentive contracts that use market priceas the performance measure. We establish that if the manager'seffort has little or no effect on a firm's operating risk, thenthe cost of incentive risk is less using stock rather than options.However, this result is reversed if the manager's effort has asignificant impact on the firm's operating risk.     

英国旅游架构及其对我国旅游的启示

对英国旅游及其相关领域和产业的了解,对英国的旅游发展状况,英国人对“旅游”的理解及其旅游行为,旅游管理机构,旅游运作商和旅游代理商的状况,旅游交通设施建设,以及旅游相关教育的一些情况作了简要介绍,并结合我国的旅游架构现状的几个方面提出一些粗略的看法。