中外税收负担比较研究

合理的税收负担水平既能够保证政府履行其职能所需资金,又不会对社会经济发展产生负面影响.因此,研究税收负担具有重要的理论和实际意义.本文对税收负担的口径问题进行系统的梳理并在此基础上研究我国税收负担的历史和现状,比较我国与国际通行做法的差异,分析我国税收负担存在的问题及优化途径.     

An Empirical Analysis on Impact of the Extending of VIT Deduction Scope on Sector＇s Tax Burden

本文在考察1994年以来我国增值税抵扣制度的变化及增值税抵扣制度的发展趋势的基础上,运用增值税微观税负计算公式、投入产出表原理测算了第二产业各行业2003、2009年的增值税实际税负和实行现代型增值税抵扣制度的增值税理论税负,并采用变动幅度、税负排序变动、税负差异系数等指标来定量分析抵扣制度变化对行业税负的影响程度。测算结果表明,不同增值税抵扣制度,对各行业的影响程度不一,影响程度差异较大,但扩大增值税抵扣范围的改革有利于缩小行业间税负差异,均衡行业间增值税税负,从而促进行业间的公平竞争。     

负债率如何影响生产率——基于中国工业部门U型关系的一个解释

近年来中国快速增长的负债率引发了广泛关注,深入理解中国工业部门中负债对生产率的影响效应及其作用机制,是事关中国经济可持续增长的重要问题。利用2001—2014年中国工业部门分行业面板数据,在归纳特定重要事实的基础上,本文的重要发现是:与中国整体负债率大幅度快速上升的事实不同,中国工业部门的负债率呈现逐步下降态势。中国工业部门中不同产业部门负债率的变化趋势发生显著分化现象;中国情景下负债率对工业部门生产率造成了显著U型关系,具体表现为,在负债率相对较低的行业中负债率对生产率产生了抑制效应,而在负债率相对较高的行业中负债率对生产率产生了促进效应;中国工业部门中负债率对生产率的作用渠道,可归纳为具有抑制效应的"利息成本负担渠道"和具有促进效应的"固定资产投资渠道"两种,这两种渠道所产生的正负性质作用的相互抵消效应是导致中国工业部门中负债率和生产率之间U型关系发生的内在机制。     

政策性负担、道德风险与预算软约束

本文在一个动态博弈的框架下 ,考察了政策性负担与转轨经济中企业的预算软约束问题。在信息不对称情况下 ,政策性负担将导致国有企业经理的道德风险 ,从而导致国有企业的低效率 ;当市场竞争达到一定程度时 ,政策性负担必然带来国有企业的预算软约束。而且 ,预算软约束同企业的公有制性质无关 ,在同样承担政策性负担的条件下 ,私有企业比国有企业更容易产生预算软约束 ,并且要求政府提供更多的补贴。当国有企业承担政策性负担时 ,政府剥夺企业的生产自主权往往是一种次优的制度安排     

现阶段增加农民收入的难点和对策分析

现阶段农民收入增加的难点于人地矛盾，农业比较效益低，农产品缺乏提价空间，农民负担沉重，农产品卖难等。要解决这些问题，需要采取调整优化农业产业结构，改革农村乡镇政府政社合一的体制，减轻农民负担，加强对农业的资金支持，提高城镇化水平等政策措施。     

The burden of esthetic labor on front-line employees in hospitality industry

Hospitality industry has recently used esthetic labor on front-line employees to provide customers with the experience of quality service. The front-line employees must strive to meet various esthetic requirements and improve their personal esthetic skills, which might create stress for employees and make them feel burdened. Previous studies have not elucidated the burden of esthetic labor and its influence from the employee's perspective. Hence, the purpose of this study is to uncover the sources of burden of esthetic labor on front-line employees in the hospitality industry. Through in-depth interview and content analysis, this study extracted the burden of esthetic labor into three dimensions: organizational esthetic requirements and training, customer service pressures, and burdens in time off work. Managerial implications and future research directions are also discussed.     

Economic burden of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications in non-valvular atrial fibrillation in Algeria (the ELRAGFA study)

Abstract

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, with substantial public health and economic impact on healthcare systems due to the prevention and management of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications. In Algeria, stroke is a leading cause of death, representing 15.6% of all deaths in 2012. Current data on the epidemiology and costs associated with non-valvular AF (NVAF) in Algeria are not available.

Methods: A three-step approach was undertaken to estimate the economic burden of NVAF in Algeria. First, a literature review identified the epidemiological burden of the disease. Second, expert clinicians practicing in Algerian hospitals were surveyed on consumed resources and unit costs of treatment and management of complications and prevention. Finally, these data were combined with event probabilities in an economic model to estimate the annual cost of NVAF prevention and complications for the Algerian healthcare system.

Results: Based on literature and demographics data, it was estimated that there are currently 187,686 subjects with NVAF in Algeria. Seventy per cent of this population was treated for prevention, half of which were controlled. Cost of prevention was estimated at 203 million DZD (€1.5 million) for drugs and 349 million DZD (€2.6 million) for examinations. Mean hospitalization costs for complications ranged between 123,500 and 435,500 DZD (€910–3,209), according to the type and severity of complications. Hospitalization costs for thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications were estimated at 8,313 million DZD (€62 million), half of which was for untreated patients. Finally, the economic burden of NVAF was estimated at 8,865 million DZD (>€65 million) annually.

Conclusion: The economic burden of NVAF is important in Algeria, largely driven by untreated and INR-uncontrolled patients. There is a lack of information on the Algerian healthcare system that could increase uncertainty around this assessment, but it clearly establishes the importance of NVAF as a public health concern.     

盐城营商环境优化发展研究

盐城在改革开放的四十多年里,抓住了国家沿海开发战略时机,经济快速发展,不管是体量还是速度都走在苏北前列,进入实现跨越发展的关键阶段。水深则鱼悦,城强则贾兴。高质量发展需要有良好的发展沃土。要推动经济继续快速发展,走在苏北苏中前列,需要进一步解放和发展生产力,提升地区发展综合竞争力,需要良好的营商环境。长期以来,江苏省盐城市就十分重视优化营商环境,聚焦企业关切,切实减轻企业负担。“放管服”改革,商事制度改革都走在全省的前列,但是从企业对盐城目前营商环境测评的结果看,配套服务还有许多地方没跟上,市场监管还不到位,营商环境优化还有很大提升空间。     

我国税收超额负担：国际比较与优化路径

在我国税收规模连年高速增长,税收负担是否过重热议的背景下,从税收超额负担的视角对各国税收效率进行了比较,并测算了全面减税和对间接税减税两种政策的经济效应。结果表明,中国的税收超额负担处于中等水平,但仍存在减税增效的空间;对间接税减税的结构性减税政策能更好的符合稳物价、调结构的政策目标。