To distribute leadership or not? A lesson from the islands

There is a dearth of literature in the area of tourism leadership. This article identifies the theoretical aspects of distributed leadership which features collective responsibility and collective flexibility, and argues how it might be advantageous for tourism firms in general. A longitudinal qualitative case study is used to consider different forms of distributed leadership and their impact upon organisational outcomes. The analysis is presented in terms of the presence or absence of distributed leadership within the case organisation. Evidence is provided of where this style of leadership would support success, but also identifies why it has been so hard to recognise this and then maintain and support it over time. It is argued that it may prove advantageous for tourism firms to actively consider whether distributed leadership would potentially offer increased organisational performance.     

网络财务报告的基础：XBRL分类账

XBRL分类账是XML技术在会计领域的重要应用,它着重对交易层面会计信息的输入输出格式进行规范,作为联结企业交易与其他业务软件系统与企业报告系统的桥梁,XBRL分类账成为实现网上报告流程化的重要基础。本文从XBRL分类账的设计目的、运行机制、发展进程及其与XBRL财务报告的关系等几个方面进行剖析,同时探讨XBRL分类账对持续审计和会计国际化带来的影响。     

Dose response functions and the harvesting effect

Much of the existing literature on air pollution and mortality deals only with the short-term effects of air pollution. Policy on the other hand needs to know when, whether and to what extent pollution-induced increases in mortality counts are reversed. This involves modelling the entire infinite distributed-lag effect of air pollution on mortality counts.Using an ARMAX modelling strategy this paper illustrates how distributed lag effects can be parsimoniously but plausibly estimated in the context of a time-series study into the relationship between ambient levels of air pollution and daily mortality counts for Manchester. The analysis reveals that maximum 1-h ozone levels are strongly associated with daily mortality counts and that a significant harvesting effect is present. The mortality cost of peak 1-h ozone concentrations for Greater Manchester with a population of 2.6 million is estimated to be £572 million annually. This accounts for the fact that some of the deaths associated with maximum 1-h O₃ concentrations have been advanced only by a short period of time.     

An extension of the theory of technology dominance: Capturing the underlying causal complexity

The Theory of Technology Dominance (TTD) provides a theoretical foundation for understanding how intelligent systems impact human decision-making. The theory has three phases with propositions related to (1) the foundations of reliance, (2) short-term effects on novice versus expert decision-making, and (3) long-term epistemological effects related to individual deskilling and profession-wide stagnation. In this theory paper, we propose an extension of TTD, that we refer to as TTD2, primarily to increase our theoretical understanding of how, why, and when the short-term and long-term effects on decision-making occur and why advances in technology design have exacerbated some weaknesses and eroded some benefits. Recently, researchers have called for reconsideration of how we design intelligent systems to mitigate the detrimental effects of technology; in TTD2 we provide a theory-based understanding for capturing the complexity underlying the occurrence of the effects.     

石油集团公司资金运作方式初探

通过对资金集中运作方式的分析，认为建立资金结算中心是企业集团实行资金集中运作适宜的模式，具体做法就足以集团公司所属一级企业为主体，实行资金收支两条线管理，推行总分账户管理。同时，要建立相关的保障体制，如建立网上银行，实行全面资金预算，构建资金预警体系，强化风险管理措施，建立健全完善的资金管理制度等。     

CORBA在银行ATM机上的应用

CORBA是Common Object Request Broker Architecture的简称，它是一种OMG开放式的独立于供应商的结构和基础组织，使计算机程序能基于它工作在网络上。CORBA依赖于IIOP（Internet Inte-ORB Protocol）协议服务远程对象，而且支持多程序语言和多平台，在银行ATM机等方面有着广泛的应用。     

Consistent order selection with strongly dependent data and its application to efficient estimation

Order selection based on criteria by Akaike (IEEE Trans. Automat. Control AC-19 (1974) 716), AIC, Schwarz (Ann. Stat. (1978) 461), BIC or Hannan and Quinn's (J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (1979) 190) HIC is often applied in empirical examples. They have been used in the context of order selection of weakly dependent ARMA models, AR models with unit or explosive roots and in the context of regression or distributed lag regression models for weakly dependent data. On the other hand, it has been observed that data exhibits the so-called strong dependence in many areas. Because the interest to this type of data, our main objective in this paper is to examine order selection for a distributed lag regression model that covers in a unified form weak and strong dependence. To that end, and because the possible adverse properties of the aforementioned criteria, we propose a criterion function based on the decomposition of the variance of the innovations of the model in terms of their frequency components. Assuming that the order of the model is finite, say p₀, we show that the proposed criterion consistently estimates p₀. In addition, we show that adaptive estimation for the parameters of the model is possible without knowledge of p₀. Finally, a small Monte-Carlo experiment is included to illustrate the finite sample performance of the proposed criterion.     

加拿大数字货币的发展实践与启示

分布式账本技术的应用使数字货币进入了新的发展阶段。中央银行数字货币是中央银行的电子化负债,其对计价、交易、支付以至货币政策传导等都存在深刻影响。以加拿大为例,重点分析加拿大银行数字货币的发展实践,着重讨论加拿大贾斯珀项目如何测试分布式账本技术在银行间大额支付系统的适用性,同时分析如何将数字货币支付结算拓展至证券和外汇领域,并与外部合作进行跨境、跨币种支付试验。加拿大央行数字货币实践取得的积极进展表明,数字货币发行能力是维系央行功能的基础保障,但仍需权衡中心化管理体系与去中心化技术系统的匹配问题,分布式账本技术及其在央行数字货币的应用仍需深入研究与评估。     

分布式创新网络知识协同空间:概念、系统模型及研究展望

在全球化和知识经济高速发展背景下,主导或参与分布式创新网络以实现组织内外创新资源的分布式协同,成为企业的必然选择。“分布式创新网络知识协同空间”这一概念有利于从知识管理视角、信息空间的技术范式和分布式创新协同的效能目标来解释及评价分布式创新网络中的知识活动。在对分布式创新、协同创新、知识协同、信息共享空间等理论进行整合梳理的基础上,提出了分布式创新网络知识协同空间的概念,初步构建并分析了其系统构成及运行机制模型,并对相关研究进行了展望。     

人民币汇率变动对我国通货膨胀的影响：汇率传递视角的研究

在开放经济条件下,汇率变动对一国通货膨胀水平的决定具有重要作用。本文利用自回归分布滞后(ARDL)模型研究了人民币汇率变动对以消费者价格指数(CPI)衡量的国内通货膨胀的传递效应。研究结果表明,人民币汇率变动对以CPI衡量的通货膨胀水平的传递是不完全的且存在明显的时滞,长期和短期汇率传递效应都很低;汇率变动对我国CPI的传递效应受食品价格冲击的影响非常大。本文的研究结论对于我国的汇率制度改革和货币政策实施等具有重要的启示意义。