自然保护区生态旅游设计发展潜力分析——以吉林省长白山自然保护区为例

生态旅游是一种将可持续发展理念贯穿于整个旅游系统的发展方式,它是可持续旅游宏观指导思想的一种操作上的落实。自然保护区生态旅游,是在自然保护区内开展的、以自然保护为核心的、高度责任化的高层次旅游活动。长白山自然保护区是我国重要的旅游地区,自然环境独特,旅游资源丰富多样,长白山自然保护区生态旅游具有很大的发展潜力。因此应制定生态旅游规划,建立“吉林省长白山管理区”,建立健全的旅游环境容量调控系统。     

规范方法与实证方法整合的现代结构

现代西方经济学理论认为经济学主要是一门实证社会科学，实证方法应该是经济学方法论的核心，甚至是整个经济理论的基础所.在但是一直以来作为与实证方法相对应的规范方法在经济学研究中都未得到应有的肯定与重视。因此为了肃清存在于经济学研究中方法论上的错误认识，更加具体深入的理解经济学方法中的规范方法与实证方法，本将从二的理论界定、发展历史回顾及其整合的基点三个方面来作进一步的探讨。     

When is it coevolution?

This paper evaluates the differences between Norgaard's and Winder et al.'s approach to socio-environmental coevolution. Winder et al. emphasize the evolutionary dynamics of coevolutionary change. These were omnipresent in Norgaard's work but they have not been adequately explored by other ecological economists. I argue that Winder et al.'s definition of coevolution is in essence the same as Norgaard's and that their real differences are, how they see coevolution applied and how far they are willing to draw a priori a line between evolutionary and non-evolutionary socio-environmental dynamics. My thesis is that at this stage a more open approach to evolutionary dynamics and coevolution a la Norgaard is a wiser strategy than Winder et al.'s narrower approach.     

基于DEMATEL方法的新兴技术产业化融资影响因素实证研究

新兴技术是提高国家产业竞争力的重要载体，但是资金问题一直是制约我国新兴技术产业化的瓶颈之一。构建新兴技术产业化融资影响因素理论模型，运用DEMATEL方法，实证检验不同因素对新兴技术产业化融资的影响程度。研究表明：融资扶持政策、资金渠道可选择性、共享信息有效性等因素对新兴技术产业化融资具有显著直接影响；资金供求匹配性、融资产品创新、信息共享方式等因素易受到其它微观因素影响，对产业化融资具有显著间接影响；担保费用、配套服务综合性及配套服务专业性等因素对产业化融资同时具有显著的直接与间接影响。据此，提出新兴技术产业化融资对策建议。     

Take a risk: Preferring prevention over control of biological invaders

Scientists have argued that invasive species can be managed most cost effectively with greater investments in prevention. Further, under ideas like the precautionary principle it is reasonable to expect that a cautious manager would use more prevention relative to control because it keeps more invaders out. Yet, this is not typically done. In many cases, private and public resources are invested primarily to control existing invaders rather than to prevent new invasions. Managers frequently wait until after invaders have arrived and then scramble to limit the damages. We believe these paradoxical decisions can be understood by recognizing the link between typical human preferences for risk bearing and the technology of risk reduction. We demonstrate quantitatively how managers perceived to be cautious or averse to risk tend to shy away from prevention relative to control. This counterintuitive result arises because control is a safer choice than prevention because its productivity is relatively less risky: it works to remove existing invaders from the system. In contrast, the productivity of prevention is more uncertain because prevention only reduces the chance of invasion, it does not eliminate it, and invasion may not occur even in the absence of prevention. Managers' averse to risk will inherently avoid as much uncertainty as possible, whether the source of uncertainty regards ecological outcomes or economic productivity. Implications for environmental decision making are clear. In invasive species management, if managers act as though they are risk averse, their caution can backfire when it leads to more control rather than prevention. The social consequences of this choice are a greater probability of future invasions and lower social welfare. Our results suggest that social welfare is highest when managers were willing to “take a risk” with prevention.     

"净利+利息+折旧"抑或"净利+税后利息+折旧"?——对会计资格考试辅导教材中经营现金净流量计量方法的商榷

计算项目净现值(NPV)等投资决策指标时,现金流量与折现率应具有匹配关系。从两者的匹配关系看,全国会计专业技术资格考试辅导教材《财务管理》一书中的经营现金净流量(NCF)计量公式有欠妥当。因为以项目的加权平均资本成本(WACC)作为折现率时,与之相应的NCF的计量方法不应是教材中的“净利 利息 折旧”,而应该是“净利 税后利息 折旧”,或者是“息税前利润(1-所得税率) 折旧”。     

购买法和权益联合法合并会计报表的特征比较及其选择

1999 年清华同方以股权交换方式吸收合并山东鲁颖电子公司,会计方法上使用的是权益结合法。之后,新潮实业、青岛双星、龙电股份等 9 家上市公司换股吸收合并非上市公司均采用了权益联合法。迄今为止,我国关于合并会计处理方法还没有最终形成企业并购具体会计准则,仅在1996 年财政部发布了《企业合并(征求意见稿)》。在实务中,主要参照1997年财政部颁布的《企业兼并有关会计处理问题暂行规定》、《合并会计报表暂行规定》和《关于执行具体会计准则和〈股份有限公司会计制度〉有关会计问题的解答》,在这些规定中隐含着企业购买法下的合并会计方法问题,一直没有涉及企业股权联合的问题。文章分析了企业合并的两种不同的会计处理方法:购买法和权益结合法引起的经济后果的差异,尤其结合我国现有经济环境,对《企业合并》会计准则制定中涉及的相关问题提出粗浅看法。     

企业信息化对审计取证的影响及其对策

随着社会信息化和企业信息化的深入发展,越来越多的企业实现了资金流、信息流、物流的统一。面对日益复杂化的企业信息系统,如何有效地开展审计工作,取得审计证据,是当今CPA十分关心和困惑的问题。本文将通过企业信息化对审计证据的深层影响分析,提出符合信息化环境下的审计取证策略。     

关于基尼系数若干问题的再研究--与部分学者商榷

基尼系数是测量收入不平等的一个重要指标，近年来有很多学者对此进行了深入研究，本文主要对有关学者的研究内容进行商榷与补充。首先，实际计算基尼系数应首选离散公式，并且根据具体的抽样方法选择无偏或有效的估计公式；其次，本文论证了对数正态分布下基尼系数G与标准差d的关系式：G=2Ф（σ/√2）-1；再次，针对基尼系数存在的不足，改进基尼系数成为一些学者的研究重点，本文发现一些改进并没有解决基尼系数与洛伦茨曲线的非一一对应问题，并且可操作性较差，通过介绍S基尼系数和E基尼系数，本文说明了基尼系数改进的总体思路；最后，针对学者提出的“部分分布决定性定理（PD定理）”，本文论证了其推理过程中存在的问题，说明该定理是错误的。     

Theory and practice of monetary policy

Summary. We consider an optimally managed renewable resource with stochastic non-concave growth function. We characterize the conditions under which the optimal policy leads to global extinction, global conservation and the existence of a safe standard of conservation. Our conditions are specified in terms of the economic and ecological primitives of the model: the biological growth function, the welfare function, the distribution of shocks and the discount rate. Our results indicate that, unlike deterministic models, extinction and conservation in stochastic models are not determined by a simple comparison of the growth rate and the discount rate; the welfare function plays an important role.Received: 20 October 2004, Revised: 28 February 2005, JEL Classification Numbers: D90, O11, O41, Q32.Santanu Roy: Correspondence toResearch on this paper was completed when the second author visited Cornell University in July, 2003. We thank the Center for Analytic Economics and the Department of Economics at Cornell University for making this research visit possible. The current version has gained considerably from the comments made by an anonymous referee.