基于VAR模型的能源消费与废气排放量关系研究——以山西省为例

为了实现碳中和目标，通过VAR模型分析能源消费与废气排放量关系，进而提出改变能源生产消费方式的建议。基于山西省2007—2021年煤炭消费量、石油消费量、焦炭消费量和废气排放量数据，通过单位根检验、约翰逊协整检验、建立误差修正模型和向量自回归(VAR)模型，格兰杰因果检验，做出出脉冲响应图并进行方差分解，得出山西省煤炭消费量、石油消费量、焦炭消费量和废气排放量的长短期均衡关系和影响力度。研究表明，煤炭消费使废气排放量呈高排放状态，石油消费未曾大的影响废气排放，焦炭消费使废气排放量先升后降。研究提出山西省能源生产消费的节能减排路径，包括应用先进煤化工和煤电技术、开发石油生产消费低碳技术、促进新能源技术的普及和应用、开发能源互联网及绿色金融等新兴产业等。     

Targeting fuel poverty in England: is the government getting warm?

This paper examines the cost‐effectiveness of the new Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (HEES), a key component of the UK government's Fuel Poverty Strategy. The impact on the fuel poverty gap is simulated using data on a large‐scale and representative sample of households in England. The scope for improving the scheme's targeting is considered by examining the optimal allocation of grants between households. The extent to which these potential gains might be achieved in practice using pragmatic criteria for distributing grants, and the implications of taking into account the dynamics of fuel poverty and the self‐selection of grant applicants, are also explored. The current scheme is unlikely to have a very significant impact on fuel poverty, and considerable gains could be achieved by redesigning HEES, although the paper also highlights the difficulties involved in efficient targeting, including some additional complications not encountered in the analysis of more traditional anti‐poverty measures.     

关于单缸柴油机代用燃料问题分析

单缸柴油机排放污染方面很严重,这些单缸柴油机被普遍用作手扶拖拉机、农用三轮车和四轮车、农用排灌、小型船舶等小型车辆的动力装备。本文分析了目前柴油机排放污染的严重性,研究讨论关于使用非石油系液体燃料,即醇类燃料(甲醇和乙醇等)和各种植物油燃料(包括菜籽油和棉籽油等)。经过比较分析,植物油可以与柴油作任何混合比的混合燃料使用,最有可能成为柴油机的代用燃料,不但能减少不可再生能源的负担,还能减少对空气的污染。     

压水堆核电站乏燃料池喷淋系统设计

第三代非能动压水堆核电站AP1000中首次为乏燃料池设置了喷淋系统,在超设计基准事故或恐怖袭击导致乏燃料池水排空时,为乏燃料提供冷却。喷淋系统设计中的两个重要指标是喷淋覆盖面积和单位面积有效喷淋流量。设计者应基于喷嘴性能试验结果,根据乏燃料池结构尺寸和乏燃料特性,确定喷淋流量、喷嘴数量和布置方式等参数,完成系统设计,提供足够冷却流量。     

Buying versus Leasing Fuel Deposits for Preservation*

In a two‐period model with two groups of countries that extract, trade, and consume fossil fuels, a climate coalition fights against climate change by purchasing or leasing deposits to prevent their extraction and seeks to manipulate fuel prices in its favor. The policy of purchasing deposits is inefficient because it leaves the first‐period climate externality non‐internalized. By contrast, the deposit‐lease policy turns out to be efficient if it eliminates strategic action in the fuel markets. In an empirically calibrated economy, the coalition's welfare and total welfare are greater with the deposit‐lease policy than with the deposit‐purchase policy if the discount rate is smaller than 2.7 percent per annum.     

基于模糊理论的燃料电池汽车能量管理策略

为了提高燃料电池汽车的经济性和燃料电池的效率,基于模糊控制理论,提出以减少燃料电池频繁启停为目标的能量管理策略.将这一策略与通用的功率跟随策略在UDDS循环工况下进行对比,结果表明:模糊控制策略能够满足实际工况的功率需求;燃料电池在1369 s的时间内启停次数由7次降为0次;整车的经济性提高了3.5％.研究成果可为燃料电池汽车的能量管理策略的制定提供参考.     

Preferences for alternative fuel vehicles of company car drivers

Costs of car ownership for company cars drivers and private car owners are very different. Car use, car choice decisions and preferences for car characteristics may therefore differ substantially between these two markets. In this paper, we present results of a study on the preferences of company car drivers for alternative fuel vehicles and their characteristics, based on data from an online stated choice experiment in the Netherlands. Results show that, assuming current car characteristics, preferences for alternative fuel vehicles, and for electric and fuel cell cars in particular, are substantially lower than those for the conventional technology. Limited driving ranges, long recharge/refuelling times and limited availability of refuelling opportunities, are to a large extent responsible for this. Preferences for alternative fuel vehicles increase considerably with improvements on these aspects, especially for the hybrid and flexifuel car. Under the current company car tax system in the Netherlands, which favours cleaner technologies, these two car types are even preferred to the conventional technology, assuming equal catalogue prices and personal monthly cost contributions. Comparing results with those from a similar choice experiment among private car owners shows that willingness to pay patterns for AFV improvements regarding driving range, recharge and refuelling times, fuel availability and diversity in AFV supply, are considerably different for company car drivers than for private car owners. Company and private car drivers may therefore react (very) differently to future improvements in AFV technology and fuel availability. We finally show that preferences of company car drivers for fuel cell and electric cars depend to a large extent on annual mileage. Market share simulations show that potential early adopters of electric and fuel cell cars can be found among people with a relatively low annual mileage.     

基于射频技术的商用货车燃油防盗防漏预警系统微探

因商用货车的使用环境较为复杂,使得物流运输阶段的商用货车常常反映出燃油非正常流失的情况,面对这类问题,必须要采取合理化的应对方案,确保商用货车燃油得以保护。论文重点结合射频技术,分析商用货车燃油防盗防漏预警系统的应用,概述其基本的应用优势和思路,确保商用货车运输阶段更加的安全。     

A real options reasoning approach to hybrid vehicle investments

Long term increases of petrol prices and the threat of a global climate change have created in the automotive industry a new competitive environment based on the development of more sustainable technologies. Using the real option reasoning lens we provide a theoretical framework to better account for the technological and market uncertainties and irreversibilities that impact the investment and innovation decisions of automotive firms supporting the development of more sustainable vehicle technologies. We investigate the case of hybrid vehicles in a transitional perspective by insisting on their potential to influence the dynamic shaping of investment decisions of firms in the car industry. We consider the hybridization strategy as intra-project and inter-project compound growth options to manage the flexibilities and irreversibilities of investment decisions during the transition process. We provide four different-sometimes conflicting-strategic rationales structuring the investment efforts of firms in hybrid vehicles and illustrate them with numerous examples from the automotive industry.     

硫含量在出口航煤馏分中分布分析

采用紫外荧光法对切割后航煤各窄馏分油进行了硫含量的测定。结果表明：样品0%-0%窄馏分中硫含量只占整个馏分中硫含量的9.175%-10.451%,而80%-100%窄馏分中硫含量占整个馏分中硫含量的32.538%-45.326%,后者是前者的3.55-4.95倍;样品的平均硫含量与60%-80%窄馏分中硫含量数值接近。该结果对于了解和掌握出口航煤中硫含量在各窄馏分中的分布在数值上提供了依据。