虚拟企业研究回顾与展望

虚拟企业自1991年首次被提出以来便成为企业实践和学术研究热点，至今已有30年历史，取得大量理论研究成果，迫切需要进行系统梳理和总结。首先采用质性整合法，对国外虚拟企业研究成果进行梳理，按照研究主题，将其分为三大类：虚拟企业起源与概念界定、运营管理研究和协调管理机制研究。然后，采用文献计量分析方法，并结合因子聚类、多维尺度分析等手段，对国内虚拟企业研究成果进行全面分析，得出研究热点问题和核心作者群体，并基于研究内容和方法两个维度，将国内虚拟企业研究初步划分为4个学派，将其研究过程划分为3个阶段、4个步骤。最后，分析虚拟企业研究存在的问题与不足，对该领域未来发展前景和趋势进行展望并提出建议。     

Responsibility accounting,managerial action and ‘a counter-ability’: Relating the physical and virtual spaces of decision-making

This study examines how the economic structures of responsibility accounting (RA) affect decision-making and managerial action. It analyses how decision rights transform and affect managerial action and argue that functionalist approaches to organising a company through RA principles are inexpedient. The argument is based on two spaces related to decision-making and managerial action – physical space and virtual space – and addresses the managerial effects of RA with respect to these spaces. The RA literature argues that the design of RA should be based on its context and its structure should be stable. However, the study presented here shows how the effects of RA emerge in a process of development and transformation of the organisation. When an organisation and its management control system cannot embrace the dynamism of the physical space, the resulting managerial actions and decision-making are tumultuous; accountability in this context means possessing ‘a counter-ability’, not being ‘accountable’. Accounting forms a virtual organisational space, and the relationships between physical and virtual spaces co-construct the organisational effects of RA.     

Reconstructing production efficiency,land use and trade for livestock systems in historical perspective. The case of France, 1961–2010

This paper provides an original accounting of changes in livestock production efficiency per livestock category in historical perspective and connects livestock consumption with land requirements and virtual land trade. We use France as a demonstration study and account for productivity changes in terms of energy. Feed rations composition are reconstructed per livestock production and feed crop group over time to account for changes in land use in relation to dietary changes. Land requirements for consumption in France dropped by 28% over the study period besides an increase by 35% of the human population and by 53% of the livestock consumption. The two-fold increase in agricultural productivity is due, for half, to energy conversion efficiency improvements and for half to agricultural yields. Overall, the livestock energy conversion efficiency increased by 45% from 1961 to 2010, poultry gained 84%, pork 17%, sheep&goat 67% and cattle 27%. The feed share of oilcrops and cereals in animal rations doubled against a drop by 35% of feed from pastures. Virtual land imports for oilcrops in relation to livestock consumption in France today amount to 0.9 million ha against a maximum of 1.9 million ha in 1979. Besides its dependence on oilcrops imports, the French livestock sector displays net virtual land exports ranging from about 2.5–5.3 million ha per year over the study period. Gross virtual land trade is today five times higher than the net virtual trade. The difference highlights the share of circular product loops in increasingly integrated agricultural markets at the international scale.     

Strategies for building effective virtual teams: Trust is key

The impressive growth in web-mediated organizational relationships has created an escalating interest in how to manage virtual teams successfully. As organizations increasingly expect their managers to lead employees in these online groupings, it becomes imperative to identify and train them in the skills to do this effectively. The purpose of this article is to organize and present strategies that organizations have found successful in helping their managers lead virtual teams. While all successful managers must ensure that they have provided the basic organizational support for their employees, especially effective leaders also ensure they build trustworthy relationships. Thus, we emphasize how each strategy contributes to building and sustaining a climate of trust in virtual teams.     

虚拟企业战略制定面临的困境与对策

首先探讨了虚拟企业战略的作用及战略制定的基本要求,其次从三个方面分析了当前虚拟企业战略制定所面临的困境,最后提出了解决虚拟企业战略制定问题的三个对策。对现实工作具有一定的理论指导意义。     

互联网应建立全新的社会秩序管理体系

互联网诞生之初的作用是一个互联互通的通信工具。当时的主要管理工作都是基于安全目的,保证信息的"可用性、完整性、保密性"即可。经过20多年发展,互联网的作用、身份、地位已经发生了巨大的变化,和现实社会密不可分,成为一个虚拟社会。而在管理互联网的理念、手段、工具等方面没有大的突破,还局限在信息安全范围内,言必谈"安全"。既然是"社会",就必然有社会学的属性、需要用社会学的体系、手段、机制,才能管理好"社会",解决社会学问题。事实也证明,用非社会学的手段来解决社会问题,是无解的。     

Windows增强模式在局域网络无盘工作站中的实现

探讨和介绍了基于Ｎｅｔｗａｒｅ网络上的无盘工作站上实现的Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ３８６增强模式技术。     

Identifying best practices,opportunities and barriers in meeting planning for Generation Y

The purpose of this study is to identify best practices, opportunities and barriers when planning virtual and hybrid meetings for a Generation Y audience (1979–2000). Using a modified Delphi technique, an expert panel of meeting professionals completed four rounds of the Delphi to determine group common consent. The panel of experts who participated had planned traditional, virtual and hybrid meetings for associations, corporations and/or government groups. Resulting recommendations for best practices for virtual meetings included offering shorter sessions to remote participants and providing easy to use technology; opportunities included gamification and interactive components; and barriers included perception of effectiveness and attendees preoccupation with technology. For hybrid meetings, best practices included adding social networking components, and providing positive feedback to participants; opportunities included incorporating interactive components and including challenging but solvable games; and barriers included perception of fun and keeping material challenging enough.     

跨国EMS企业推动下的水平分工发展新趋势

发源于美国的EMS企业正在改变着21世纪的商业模式。在以电子信息产业为代表的全球性产业中,OEM巨头和EMS企业之间正在建立基于水平分工的虚拟组织,并以供应链整体竞争优势为武器抢占世界市场。本文旨在阐释20世纪末EMS企业诞生于美国的背景,剖析EMS企业的竞争力源泉,并初步勾勒虚拟企业的水平分工模式。     

外国直接投资对我国进出口规模的影响——基于虚拟变量、协整及格兰杰检验的实证研究

本文根据1980-2004年我国出口、进口和外国直接投资的数据,利用虚拟变量、单位根检验、协整检验、格兰杰检验和建立回归模型等方法,就外国直接投资对我国外贸进出口规模的影响进行了实证研究和度量,得出结论:外国直接投资对我国的进出口规模具有促进作用,1996年后随着利用外国直接投资结构的不断优化和调整,在促进外贸增长的贡献效用上也有了大幅度提升,最后提出了相应的政策建议。本文的创新点在于使用虚拟变量衡量定性因素,在建模前进行了充分的前提检验,以保证模型是稳定和有效的。