环境行为学视角下建成环境与儿童出行 影响机制研究

儿童依赖建成环境,并通过基本的出行行为满足其 自身发展的各项必要需求,其中儿童独立出行水平和出行方式 至关重要。随着中国城镇化持续推进,大城市边缘的小城镇在 迅速发展的同时,其建成环境也给儿童出行带来了一定安全隐 患,儿童出行安全问题值得关注。从环境行为学视角,结合既 往文献将儿童出行的影响因素归纳整理成个体、环境和其他因 素,随后对长沙市岳麓区莲花镇第五实验小学1 509名6~12 岁儿童及其家长展开实证调查和数据统计分析。结果显示： 儿童和家长对环境的安全感知会对儿童的出行决策产生较大 影响,机动车交通量及速度、交叉路口、道路复杂程度、步 道和自行车道及其基础设施设置、自然水体等是主要的显著 影响因素。据此,从空间布局、道路设计、交通设施配置和 社会环境方面提出了提升儿童出行安全水平的小城镇规划策 略建议。     

流动儿童歧视知觉对主观幸福感的影响:自我隐瞒的中介作用

探讨流动儿童自我隐瞒对歧视知觉与主观幸福感的中介作用,旨在对提高流动儿童主观幸福感提供可行策略。通过调查问卷可知:歧视知觉分别与自我隐瞒、主观幸福感呈显著正相关和显著负相关;自我隐瞒与主观幸福感呈显著负相关;歧视知觉能有效预测自我隐瞒和主观幸福感;自我隐瞒是歧视知觉与主观幸福感间的中介变量。结论为流动儿童自我隐瞒在歧视知觉与主观幸福感间起部分中介作用,对流动儿童自我隐瞒进行干预或培养流动儿童自我表露在提高流动儿童主观幸福感方面有重要作用。     

人力资本视角下留守儿童问题研究

农村劳动力转移引发了留守儿童问题。本文从人力资本的视角分析了留守儿童的现状以及引致留守儿童问题的原因,提出从二元经济结构社会下的制度改革入手,突破二元户籍管理制度的约束,消除城市社会对农民工的歧视,以从根本上解决留守儿童问题,为全社会经济的持续稳定发展提供人力资本保证。     

Children in Zimbabwe after the long crisis: Situation analysis and policy issues

Children in Zimbabwe suffered badly during the long crisis from circa 1990 to 2008 as the economy and social services collapsed, under-five mortality, maternal mortality and malnutrition rose, the number of orphans increased 20-fold and thousands of children experienced psychosocial trauma. Recent household surveys in Zimbabwe show that most indicators of child welfare remain at or below where they were 25 years ago. Many effects of the crisis on children are long term, even permanent, including prenatal and early childhood malnutrition, orphanhood, traumas from witnessing or being victims of violence, and disrupted education. This article analyses the Government of Zimbabwe's two most recent national development plans in relation to children's needs and rights as expressed in major international declarations. Suggestions are made for focusing on re-establishing basic services to break the cycle of harm to children, build children's capacities and deal with past traumas.     

江苏省独生子女数量测算及其风险分析

利用第五次人口普查资料和相关部门的统计报表,根据出生总人数与该项人数之间的逻辑关系,首次系统地对1980年以来江苏省出生的独生子女数量进行了估算,并对2010年前可能新增的独生子女人数进行了测算。研究结果显示,庞大的独生子女群体和独生子女家庭的出现将给江苏社会带来深远的影响;而由于独生子女自身的风险和家庭结构的缺陷,必将给家庭和社会带来系列风险。该研究对控制因独生子女引发的新型家庭和社会风险具有重要现实意义。     

Vertical transmission of overweight: Evidence from a sample of English adoptees

Vertical influences can significantly shape children overweight by affecting both genetics and the environment children are exposed to. This paper examines the vertical (parental) transmission of child overweight drawing upon a fifteen year sample of English adults and their children, both adopted and biological, for which we can retrieve clinical measures height and weight. We find that, when both parents are overweight, children exhibit an increased likelihood of overweight, irrespective of whether they are adopted or biological children. When both parents are obese as opposed to overweight the picture is different. We find that the likelihood of child overweight increases by 16.7 percentage points among natural (non-adopted) children but only by 4.5 percentage points among adopted children. This suggests that the transmission of overweight when both parents are obese is not merely genetic, and what has been called vertical or parental transmission plays a non-negligible role. Our findings are validated by are a battery of robustness checks.     

Land fragmentation,women empowerment and school dropout of children in Vietnam

This study examines the effect of land fragmentation on school dropout of children in Vietnam. To address the endogeneity issue, the study proposes an instrumental variable – that is land per capita at the commune level. The study also uses another instrumental variable – the percentage of land plot acquisition before 1993 – to check the robustness of the results. The findings are that higher land fragmentation decreases child school dropout. Land fragmentation has significant impacts on school dropout of children aged 10–15, however, it does not have any impact on school dropout of children aged 6–10. We explain these findings through one particular mechanism – that is women empowerment. A higher level of land fragmentation increases women empowerment in deciding to visit family, friends or relatives, the purchase of daily goods, large purchases, their own health, and their children’s health. A variety of robustness checks corroborate these findings.     

新型智能定位及体温监测在童装设计中的应用研究

针对新型智能定位及体温监测在童装设计中的问题,采用定位元件和蓝牙以及热敏电阻的科学技术,通过对以蓝牙技术为核心的定位设计,实现跟踪定位目的,同时在新冠肺炎疫情常态化的今天,随时需要体温检测,通过实验利用体温传感器,随时掌握儿童体温。     

试析流动儿童与城市社会的融合困境

目前学界多认为流动儿童融入城市社会存在重重困难,但这些研究多停留在事实层面。依据南京某民工子弟学校的调查资料,借鉴戈登的族群融合理论和布劳的社会整合理论,从身份认同融合和结构性融合两维度探讨了形成融合困境的原因。     

农村的二胎超生反弹及其原因探析——以湖北省三个乡镇为例

基于湖北省三个乡镇实地调查的数据分析,近十年来二胎超生普遍反弹,且成为超生队伍的主体。其根本原因在于农户普遍具有二孩偏好。由于二孩偏好富于弹性,在2002年之前农村政策环境收紧时,农户被迫将这一生育偏好"蛰伏"起来,而当2002年后农村政策环境逐步松动、基层治责和治权弱化和农户收入提高后,独子户的二孩偏好逐渐释放,最终导致生育反弹。农民的生育观念与国家政策要求还有一定距离,为了达到政策要求,国家要赋予基层与政策要求相匹配的治责和治权。