The effect of offshoring on knowledge flows in the US automobile industry

This paper examines the impact of financial constraints on innovation for established firms. We make use of a direct measure of the existence of financial constraints obtained thanks to a specific survey addressed to French established firms. This is a distinctive feature of this paper as most of previous studies had to rely on proxies (like the cash-flow sensitivity), which may be subject to interpretation problems. The probability to have innovative activities and the probability to face financial constraints are simultaneously estimated by a recursive bivariate probit model. Accounting for the endogeneity of the financial constraint variable, we find that financial constraints significantly reduce the likelihood that firms have innovative activities. The probability to encounter financial constraints is explained by firms’ ex ante financing structure and economic performances.     

Determinants and Implications of Cyclicality: Contrasting Evidence Across Developed and Developing Countries

ABSTRACT

Using data for a sample of advanced and developing countries, the paper studies variation in the effects of aggregate demand shocks on the macro-economy and distinguish between the effects of expansionary and contractionary shocks. The aim is to study the determinants and implications of cyclicality across representative countries in each group. The composite evidence points to high degree of cyclicality in many countries. The risk of cyclicality is higher in developing countries as high trend inflation limits the scope to mobilize growth and increases downward rigidity of prices. Policy priorities in developing countries should be focused on fighting inflation and improving the investment environment towards maximizing the return on investment and sustaining growth and capacity building. Policy priorities in advanced countries should be focused on mobilizing resources to ease capacity constraints and finance larger investment, with limited crowding out, to maximize the potential of real growth and combat inflationary pressures.     

Why Do Prices Remain Stable in the Bubble and Bust Period?

In spite of a large swing in real output growth in the bubble and bust period, aggregate prices remained relatively stable in Japan. Empirical results show that such price rigidity can be explained by the customer market model combined with financial constraints. The degree of financial constraints that firms face in the bubble and bust period fluctuates significantly, and the impact of financial positions on firms’ prices is counter-cyclical. In booms, liquidity-abundant firms invest in market share by keeping prices down, while in a recession financially constrained firms charge a high price to locked-in customers who remain loyal. Such counter-cyclicality is clearly observed in the pricing behavior of large firms that produce differentiated goods. In contrast, small firms whose product brand is not well established in the market cannot lock in customers, and hence financial constraints do not affect their pricing decisions.     

助贷违约学生行为成因及防范对策研究

国家助学贷款为高校贫困生完成学业、促进教育公平起到很大的作用,但我国在实施国家助学贷款政策过程中,由于有的学生偿还能力较低、偿还意愿较差,贷款制度设计欠缺,社会信用环境不佳等原因,发生学生助学贷款违约行为,贷款违约率较高,加大了政府、高校和银行管理成本,制约着助学贷款的持续良性发展。解决这些问题,应从提高高校教育质量、增强学生诚信意识、建立社会信用体系、完善贷款制度设计、健全高校资助制度等方面采取有效措施。     

有关外贸企业信用风险及其管理的研究

随着我国市场经济的不断发展,外贸企业之间的竞争日益激烈。很多外贸企业为了占据国外市场,会推出优惠的信用条件,以此作为增加客户的手段,但其信用风险也会随之增加。分析了导致外贸企业信用风险增加的原因,并提出对应管理措施。只有不断降低信用风险,以此提高外贸企业的竞争力,才能使企业不断扩大经营规模,促进企业的不断发展。     

新型农村金融机构支农目标及信贷行为解释--以山东省调查为例

摘要：本文利用山东省新型农村金融机构的调查数据,分析了三类新型农村金融机构支农行为的差异及支农目标的共同特征,并从信贷行为角度解释其支农目标的实现。新型农村金融机构支农目标主要体现为借款者数量增加。贷款余额的扩大、期限多样性的增加、审批效率的提高及涉农成本的降低有利于增加借款者数量。政府的支农政策应鼓励新型农村金融机构增加借款者数量,仅关注支农深度及涉农比例只会干扰新型农村金融机构的市场化运行或鼓励支农数据造假行为。信贷政策上,应鼓励新型农村金融机构扩大贷款规模、增加贷款期限弹性、提高贷款审批效率、降低涉农贷款成本,并通过新型农村金融机构信贷模式创新,更有效地完成支农目标。     

银行保兑仓业务和担保授信创新与应用

银行保兑仓业务和担保授信在当今市场经济中发挥着重要作用,本研究的目的在于：弄清其概念与内涵,揭示其基本要求、操作方式与流程;并提出和论证在传统保兑仓融资过程中信用担保介入的操作模式与应用问题。     

中国信贷市场结构分析

我国银行体系在多年金融改革的发展过程中,发生了巨大变化,由过去单一的高度集中的银行体系逐步形成了全新的信贷服务体系,具体表现为国有商业银行、政策性银行、股份制商业银行和其他金融机构并存。与发达国家相比,我国信贷市场结构还不是充分竞争的市场结构,存在缺乏有效竞争、影响市场绩效提高等问题。如何有效发挥信贷市场的资源配置功能,解决信贷供求矛盾,通过信贷市场及时有效的传导于实体经济,成为信贷市场良性发展的重中之重。     

影响当前农村信用体系建设工作的主要因素及政策建议

近几年,基层人民银行按照中国人民银行总行对农村信用体系建设工作的要求与部署,积极开展了农村信用信息数据库建设及农户信用等级评定等相关工作,取得了一定成效。但基层农村信用体系建设工作仍存在法律制度建设缓慢、地方政府组织领导作用不明显、数据库重复建设等突出问题,影响了农村信用体系建设进程。     

外部环境不确定下的商业银行信贷风险管理

由于外部经济环境不确定性的影响,加之商业银行在信贷管理中的多元化委托代理关系而导致的信息不对称,致使我国商业银行信贷业务风险不可避免。必须加强信贷风险分析,健全风险防范的预警机制,建立一级授信风险管理机制,发挥组织管理与内部控制的效用,以防范商业银行信贷风险。