大金融：对国有股减持方案的设计

为了进一步规范和发展证券市场，适应经济全球化和证券市场国际化的新形势，为了解决在我国的经济领域尤其是在金融领域方面的国有股的减持，社会保障基金的设立，国有商业银行存款的消肿和国有商业银行的发展壮大以及全方的协调发展问题，提出了一个新的对国有股进行减 持的方案设计，其方案采用了组合式分步减持，具有很大的灵活性和实用性。     

Pollution control with imperfectly observable emissions

In this paper, a model of environmental regulation with imperfect monitoring of emissions is presented. The regulator can use linear output taxes and emission taxes to influence the pollution level of a risk-averse firm. In contrast to the perfect monitoring case, a tax mix will usually be optimal. The relative weight depends on the degree of risk aversion and monitoring imperfection, and on technological factors.     

On the design of incentive mechanisms in environmental policy

The objective of this paper is to present environmental policy as a simple game in two stages within a principal-agent framework. At the outset the authority adopts a transfer payment rule. Then the firms react by carrying out abatement activities, based on their chosen levels of emission and output. Next the authority measures the emissions (and residual profit of the industry) and revises the level of its instrument. Then the game starts again. Our purpose is to narrow the scope of ad hoc incentive schemes by characterizing families of optimal linear schemes.We thank two anonymous referees for their valuable suggestions. We have also benefited from comments from I.-M. Andréasson, J. B. Opschoor, H. Verbruggen and the other members of the Task Force II: Environmental Policy instruments of the European Science Foundation Programme: Environment, Science and Society. Wang acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).     

金融发展与降低贫困——基于中国1994～2004年小额信贷的分析

小额信贷的反锁定模型证明了小额信贷通过产业反锁定、技术反锁定和结构反锁定等三条途径克服了农民增产不增收的窘境,实现了增产又增收,降低了农民的贫困程度.利用中国1994～2004年的时间序列和2004年的截面数据的实证分析也表明小额信贷增加了农民家庭经营收入,降低了贫困.最后,通过一些案例的调查数据进一步佐证了理论和实证的分析结果:小额信贷具有显著的降低贫困效应.     

Extend (r, Q) Inventory Model Under Lead Time and Ordering Cost Reductions When the Receiving Quantity is Different from the Ordered Quantity

This paper investigates the continuous review inventory model involving variable lead time with partial backorders, where the amount received is uncertain. The options of investing in ordering cost reduction is included, and lead time can be shortened at an extra crashing cost. The objective of this article is to simultaneously optimize the order quantity, reorder point, ordering cost and lead time. We first assume that the lead time demand follows a normal distribution and develop an algorithm to find the optimal solution. Then, we relax the assumption of normality to consider a distribution free case where only the mean and standard deviation of lead time demand are known. We apply the minimax distribution free procedure to solve this problem. For both cases, we also show that the objective cost function to be minimized is jointly convex in the decision variables. Furthermore, two numerical examples are given to illustrate the results.     

高性能交流伺服装置用开关电源的研制

本文在普通开关电源的基础上，根据交流伺服系统的特殊工作环境，为提高伺服系统的可靠性，改善工艺，减小体积，特采用一种两级组合式新型的能满足伺服系统各种特殊要求的开关电源，并用于实际系统中获得了良好的效果。     

“减税降费”对房地产企业成本的影响及建议

近年来,为深化供给侧结构性改革、推动经济高质量发展,国家出台了一系列减税降费政策。房地产企业也享受着减税降费政策所带来的红利,2019年4月1日增值税由10%下调为9%。对于社会其他行业,增值税下调的过程中成本大大降低,而对于房地产企业来讲,因为自身的特点,导致了建筑成本的增加。论文对减税降费对房地产企业所造成的影响及相应对策进行论述,主要从企业成本入手。     

Purchasing's contribution to supply chain emission reduction

Does environmental purchasing and supplier management (EPSM) help to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the supply chain and, thereby, mitigate climate change? And, if so, under which conditions? Taking these two questions as a starting point, we hypothesize that heightened environmental protection efforts targeting the upstream value chain should lead to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the buying companies' supply chain. We continue to delineate three contingency factors that might affect the relationship between EPSM and supply chain GHG emissions: The power of the buying firm over supply chain partners, prior experience in EPSM, and materiality of environmental supply chain management in a certain industry. We collect longitudinal data from 260 companies and analyze them using hybrid panel data analysis. We find that the increase of EPSM leads to a significant reduction of the GHG emission intensity of buying firms’ supply chains and that this reduction is stronger for companies operating in industries where emission management is more material.     

Estimation of the value of the marginal product of emission in a country where emissions output is regulated — an empirical study

Emissions resulting from the production process can be characterized as use of the elimination and disposal services of the ecological system. Hence, they are use of natural resources and thus an input to production. The present paper discusses an approach to evaluate the returns of these kind of services as a production factor.First, four main types of industrial emission are chosen —SO ₂,CO ₂,NO _xandparticulate matter — and integrated in a Cobb-Douglas production function. With this approach, the production elasticities and the marginal product of these types of emission can be estimated.Based on these results and assuming that marginal product equals price, the demand curve for emission is estimated. With this demand curve the consequences of different kinds of environmental policy are considered. Under further assumptions of optimal behaviour it can be shown that the demand curve for emission is equal to the curve of marginal costs of avoidance (MCA). Thus, the estimates of the demand curves can be considered as estimates of the MCA-curves. Furthermore the price elasticities of these four types of emission are estimated with this approach. The method used in the paper is suggested for calibration of CGE models.     

Trading Hot-Air. The Influence of Permit Allocation Rules,Market Power and the US Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol

After the conferences in Bonn and Marrakech, it is likely that international emissions trading will be realized in the near future. Major influences on the permit market␣are the institutional detail, the participation structure and the treatment of hot-air. Different scenarios not only differ in their implications for the demand and supply of permits and thus the permit price, but also in their allocative effects. In this paper we discuss likely the institutional designs for permit allocation in the hot-air economies and the use of market power and quantify the resulting effects by using the computable general equilibrium model DART. It turns out that the amount of hot-air supplied will be small if hot-air economies cooperate in their decisions. Under welfare maximization, more hot-airis supplied than in the case where governments try to maximize revenues from permit sales.